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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (5): 1312-1324.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33025

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同覆盖措施对土壤水热状况及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

王永亮1,2(), 胥子航1,2, 李申1,2, 梁哲铭1,2, 白炬1,2,*(), 杨治平1,2,*()   

  1. 1山西农业大学 / 农业农村部盐碱土改良与利用重点实验室(学科群), 山西太原 030031
    2土壤环境与养分资源山西省重点实验室, 山西太原 030031
  • 收稿日期:2023-04-26 接受日期:2024-01-12 出版日期:2024-05-12 网络出版日期:2024-02-08
  • 通讯作者: 白炬, E-mail: baiju@sxau.edu.cn; 杨治平, E-mail: yzpsx0208@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wangyongliang@sxau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    山西省科技重大专项计划项目(202201140601028);山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(2023CYJSTX01-14);山西省科技成果转化引导专项(202104021301047);山西农业大学博士科研启动项目(2021BQ123)

Effects of different mulching measures on moisture and temperature of soil and yield and water use efficiency of spring maize

WANG Yong-Liang1,2(), XU Zi-Hang1,2, LI Shen1,2, LIANG Zhe-Ming1,2, BAI Ju1,2,*(), YANG Zhi-Ping1,2,*()   

  1. 1Shanxi Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Subject Group), Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
    2Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2023-04-26 Accepted:2024-01-12 Published:2024-05-12 Published online:2024-02-08
  • Contact: E-mail: baiju@sxau.edu.cn; E-mail: yzpsx0208@163.com
  • Supported by:
    Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of Shanxi Province(202201140601028);Modern Agricultural Technology Industry System of Shanxi Province(2023CYJSTX01-14);Transformation Program of Scientific and Technological Achievements of Shanxi Province(202104021301047);Doctoral Research Project of Shanxi Agricultural University(2021BQ123)

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摘要：

为提高黄土高原东部河谷平原春玉米水分利用效率, 探究最适宜该地区春玉米种植的地表覆盖措施, 基于连续7年长期定位试验, 于2021—2022年开展田间试验, 共选取无覆盖(CK)、地膜覆盖(plastic film mulching, FM)以及秸秆覆盖(straw mulching, SM) 3个处理, 研究不同覆盖措施对土壤水热状况及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响, 系统分析了2年试验期土壤水分与温度动态变化及春玉米各阶段水分生产力, 为该地区春玉米水肥高效提供利于农业可持续发展的科学管理措施。结果表明: 与无覆盖处理相比, 地膜覆盖具有增温效应, 2年内土壤温度提高0.72~2.63℃; 秸秆覆盖具有降温效应, 2年内土壤温度降低0.20~1.51℃。与无覆盖处理相比, 地膜与秸秆覆盖处理均可改善春玉米生长前期土壤含水量, 并驱动土壤“湿干交替”现象促进水分吸收, 提高水分利用效率, 实现增产。虽然地膜覆盖处理改善了前期土壤含水量, 促进春玉米前期生长发育, 但会导致根系生长过浅, 不利于生长后期水分利用, 甚至植株存在倒伏风险(2021年倒伏率高达72.14%), 影响产量形成。与地膜覆盖处理相比, 秸秆覆盖处理驱动土壤“湿干交替”时表现出更强水分缓冲力, 协调春玉米各阶段生长发育, 生长后期水分利用效率显著提高25.17%~ 34.71%, 并降低倒伏风险。2年平均数据显示, 与地膜覆盖处理相比, 秸秆覆盖处理产量与水分利用效率显著提高8.55%和10.23%, 经济效益显著提高12.57%。综上所述, 秸秆覆盖可作为该地区春玉米水肥高效可持续利用的科学管理措施。

关键词: 黄土高原, 春玉米, 覆盖措施, 产量, 经济效益, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

The objectives of this study were to improve the water use efficiency of spring maize in the valley plains of the eastern Loess Plateau and to identify the most suitable surface mulching measure for spring maize cultivation in this region. Field experiments were conducted from 2021 to 2022 based on a seven-year long-term positioning experiment. Three treatments including no mulching control (CK), plastic film mulching (FM), and straw mulching (SM) were selected. The effects of different mulching measures on moisture content and temperature of soil as well as yield and water use efficiency of spring maize were investigated, and the dynamics of soil moisture, soil temperature, and the water productivity of spring maize at each growth stage during the two-year experimental period were systematically analyzed, so as to provide a scientific management measure of efficient water and fertilizer use in spring maize growing, which is beneficial to the sustainable agricultural development of the region. The results indicated that plastic film mulching had a temperature-raising effect compared with the control, showing an increase of 0.72-2.63℃ in soil temperature in two years. Straw mulching had a cooling effect and the soil temperature was reduced by 0.20-1.51℃ in two years. Compared with the control, the soil moisture content at the early growth stage of spring maize was increased in both FM and SM treatments, and the “alternation of wetting and drying” in soil was induced to promote water absorption, water use efficiency, and eventually crop yield. However, shallow roots were found in the plastic film mulching treatment although the growth of spring maize was promoted at the early stage of growth, which lowered water use efficiency at the later stage of growth and posed a risk of lodging (the lodging percentage reached 72.14% in 2021), and consequently affected yield formation. Compared with the FM treatment, the SM treatment exhibited stronger buffering capability to the fluctuation of soil moisture content as the “alternation of wetting and drying” in soil, coordinated the growth and development of spring maize at different stages. As a result, the water use efficiency was significantly improved by 25.17%-34.71% at the later growth stage, and the risk of lodging was reduced in SM. The mean values of the data in two years showed that, compared to plastic film mulching, straw mulching significantly improved the yield, water use efficiency, and the economic benefits by 8.55%, 10.23%, and by 12.57%, respectively. In summary, straw mulching could serve as the scientific management measure for the efficient and sustainable utilization of water and fertilizer in spring maize plantation in this region.

Key words: Loess Plateau, spring maize, mulching measures, yield, the economic income, water use efficiency

图1

2021-2022年试验区气象数据 PT表示播种期, V6表示六叶期, V10表示十叶期, R1表示吐丝期, R3表示灌浆期, R5表示蜡熟期, R6表示成熟期。"

图2

不同覆盖处理0~25 cm土壤平均温度 CK表示无覆盖处理, FM表示地膜覆盖处理, SM表示秸秆覆盖处理; V6表示六叶期, V10表示十叶期, R1表示吐丝期, R3表示灌浆期, R5表示蜡熟期, R6表示成熟期, 括号内数字表示播种后天数; 图中竖杠表示LSD差异线, P < 0.05。"

图3

不同覆盖处理0~20 cm、20~100 cm与100~200 cm土壤“湿干交替” CK表示无覆盖处理, FM表示地膜覆盖处理, SM表示秸秆覆盖处理; V6表示六叶期, V10表示十叶期, R1表示吐丝期, R3表示灌浆期, R6表示成熟期。"

图4

不同覆盖处理春玉米各阶段干物质累积量、耗水量与水分利用效率 CK表示无覆盖处理, FM表示地膜覆盖处理, SM表示秸秆覆盖处理; PT表示播种期, V6表示六叶期, V10表示十叶期, R1表示吐丝期, R3表示灌浆期, R6表示成熟期; 图中字母表示各处理之间差异性, P < 0.05。"

图5

不同覆盖处理春玉米花后根长密度(a)、根干重密度(b)与根表面积密度(c) CK表示无覆盖处理, FM表示地膜覆盖处理, SM表示秸秆覆盖处理; 图中字母表示各处理之间差异性, P < 0.05。"

表1

不同覆盖处理春玉米倒伏率、产量及水分利用效率"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 倒伏率
Lodging percentage
(%)		 产量
Yield
(t hm-2)		 耗水量
Evapotranspiration
(mm)		 水分利用效率
Water use efficiency
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
2021 CK 3.31±0.58 b 14.37±0.19 b 575.63±0.44 a 24.96±0.35 b
FM 72.14±1.46 a 14.05±0.12 b 552.22±8.52 b 25.46±0.52 b
SM 4.04±0.79 b 16.11±0.75 a 553.82±3.44 b 28.91±1.12 a
2022 CK 1.27±1.36 a 12.00±0.09 b 460.52±7.32 a 26.08±0.60 c
FM 2.03±0.82 a 13.94±0.14 a 464.33±5.27 a 30.03±0.44 b
SM 1.76±0.53 a 14.28±0.32 a 442.62±2.11 b 32.26±0.70 a
均值
Mean		 CK - 13.18±0.12 b 518.07±3.53 a 25.52±0.39 c
FM - 14.00±0.13 b 508.27±1.75 b 27.75±0.29 b
SM - 15.19±0.53 a 499.72±2.45 b 30.59±0.90 a
方差分析 ANOVA
覆盖 Mulching (M) ** ** * **
年份 Year (Y) ** ns ** *
覆盖×年份 M×Y * ns ns ns

表2

不同覆盖处理春玉米经济效益"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 总收入
Total income
(Yuan hm-2)		 覆盖支出
Mulching cost
(Yuan hm-2)		 肥料支出
Fertilizer cost
(Yuan hm-2)		 灌溉支出
Irrigation cost
(Yuan hm-2)		 其他支出
Others cost
(Yuan hm-2)		 经济效益
Economic benefit
(Yuan hm-2)
2021 CK 33,040.04±447.65 b 0 1800 1400 3638 26,202.04±447.65 b
FM 32,323.69±285.10 b 825 1800 1260 3638 24,800.69±285.10 b
SM 37,052.38±1715.36 a 475 1800 1260 3638 29,879.38±1715.36 a
2022 CK 27,599.45±206.92 b 0 1800 1400 3638 20,761.45±206.92 b
FM 32,065.25±311.30 a 825 1800 1260 3638 24,542.25±311.30 a
SM 32,839.63±745.76 a 475 1800 1260 3638 25,666.63±745.76 a
均值
Mean		 CK 30,319.75±272.69 b 0 1800 1400 3638 23,481.75±272.69 b
FM 32,194.47±296.42 b 825 1800 1260 3638 24,671.47±296.42 b
SM 34,946.00±1229.20 a 475 1800 1260 3638 27,773.00±1229.20 a
方差分析 ANOVA
覆盖 Mulching (M) ** — — — — **
年份 Year (Y) ns — — — — ns
覆盖×年份 M×Y ns — — — — ns
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