石灰性褐土条件下高粱与玉米耐瘠薄特性及对土壤肥力响应的比较

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.54006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于长期定位试验，比较高粱和玉米2种作物耐瘠性和对不同土壤肥力的响应，为同一区域瘠薄土壤种植高粱替代玉米提供理论支撑。长期不同施肥定位试验始于2011年，共设CK (不施肥)、PK (缺氮)、NK (缺磷)、NP (缺钾)、NPK (氮磷钾肥)、MS (秸秆还田配施有机肥)和NPKMS (氮磷钾肥秸秆还田配施肥有机肥) 7个处理并形成了不同的土壤肥力，比较研究高粱和玉米产量及其构成、生长发育及养分吸收对土壤肥力响应的差异。结果表明，CK和PK处理的高粱产量高于玉米，其余处理的玉米产量高于高粱。与NPKMS处理相比，CK、PK、NK和NP处理的高粱产量分别降低52.4%~57.0%、49.6%~51.0%、18.4%~40.0%和4.1%~18.0%，玉米产量降低70.7%~73.2%、68.4%~73.1%、44.3%~21.0%和10.0%~22.4%；CK、PK和NK处理下2种作物单位面积穗数和穗粒数均显著降低，其中，CK和PK处理降低玉米单粒重，但增加高粱单粒重。与NPKMS处理相比，CK、PK和NK处理推迟2种作物的花期，但对玉米的影响更为明显；高粱四叶期前作物相对生长速率(CGR)低于玉米，苗期氮、磷及钾吸收量也小于玉米，但四叶期至花期高粱CGR大于玉米；高粱花期叶面积指数(LAI)及地上部生物量、氮磷钾吸收量均高于玉米，与玉米相比，养分亏缺对高粱生物量和CGR影响较小。整体来看，高粱氮、磷及钾收获指数和生理利用效率小于玉米，但CK和PK处理下高粱氮、磷收获指数和氮、磷及钾生理效率与玉米相当，甚至高于玉米。对土壤养分、籽粒产量及其构成和养分吸收利用的相关性分析表明，土壤养分含量与2种作物的产量、单位面积穗数和穗粒数，以及玉米的单粒重均呈正相关，与高粱单粒重呈负相关。综上，土壤养分亏缺时高粱产量、养分吸收利用能力高于玉米，养分胁迫降低了2种作物单位面积穗数和穗粒数，尽管也降低玉米单粒重但提高了高粱的单粒重；延长了2种作物营养生长阶段，但对高粱的影响小于玉米，本研究为2种作物合理施肥及同区域因地适种提供了理论依据。

关键词: 高粱, 玉米, 土壤肥力, 产量及构成, 生长发育, 养分吸收

Abstract:

To provide theoretical support for replacing maize with sorghum on marginal soils within the same region, this study compared the tolerance of sorghum and maize to low soil fertility and their responses to varying fertility levels based on a long-term field experiment. The experiment, initiated in 2011, included seven fertilization treatments: CK (no fertilization), PK (no nitrogen), NK (no phosphorus), NP (no potassium), NPK (complete NPK fertilizers), MS (straw return combined with organic fertilizer), and NPKMS (NPK fertilizers with straw return and organic fertilizer), resulting in a gradient of soil fertility levels. Yield and its components, growth and development, and nutrient uptake of both crops were comparatively analyzed. Results showed that under CK and PK treatments, sorghum yielded more than maize, whereas maize outperformed sorghum under the other treatments. Compared with the NPKMS treatment, sorghum yields under CK, PK, NK, and NP decreased by 52.4%–57.0%, 49.6%–51.0%, 18.4%–40.0%, and 4.1%–18.0%, respectively; in contrast, maize yields declined by 70.7%–73.2%, 68.4%–73.1%, 21.0%–44.3%, and 10.0%–22.4%, respectively. The CK, PK, and NK treatments significantly reduced panicle number per unit area and grain number per panicle in both crops. Additionally, CK and PK reduced maize grain weight but increased that of sorghum. Compared to NPKMS, CK, PK, and NK treatments delayed anthesis in both crops, with a more pronounced effect in maize. Before the four-leaf stage, sorghum exhibited lower crop growth rate (CGR) and lower N, P, and K uptake than maize. However, from the four-leaf stage to anthesis, sorghum surpassed maize in CGR, resulting in higher leaf area index (LAI), aboveground biomass, and nutrient uptake at anthesis. Sorghum was less affected by nutrient deficiency in terms of biomass accumulation and CGR. Overall, sorghum had a lower harvest index and lower use efficiencies for N, P, and K than maize. However, under CK and PK treatments, sorghum’s N and P harvest indices and nutrient use efficiencies were comparable to or even higher than those of maize. Correlation analysis among soil nutrient levels, grain yield and its components, and nutrient uptake and utilization revealed that soil nutrient content was positively correlated with yield, panicle number per unit area, and grain number per panicle in both crops, as well as with maize grain weight, but negatively correlated with sorghum grain weight. In conclusion, sorghum demonstrates greater yield potential and nutrient use efficiency than maize on marginal soils. Low soil fertility reduced panicle number and grain number per panicle in both crops; although it decreased maize grain weight, it increased that of sorghum. Low fertility also prolonged the vegetative growth period of both crops, with sorghum being less affected. These findings provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilization strategies and site-specific crop selection between sorghum and maize in the same region.

Key words: sorghum, maize, soil fertility, yield and its composition, growth and development, nutrient uptake

陈昊翔, 万鑫杰, 陈青, 王劲松, 董二伟, 王媛, 黄晓磊, 刘秋霞, 焦晓燕. 石灰性褐土条件下高粱与玉米耐瘠薄特性及对土壤肥力响应的比较[J]. 作物学报, 0, (): 0-.

CHEN Hao-Xiang, WAN Xin-Jie, CHEN Qing, WANG Jin-Song, DONG Er-Wei, WANG Yuan, HUANG Xiao-Lei, LIU Qiu-Xia, JIAO Xiao-Yan. Comparison of low-fertility tolerance and response of sorghum and maize to soil fertility based on a long-term experiment on calcareous cinnamon soil[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 0, (): 0-.

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