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钾肥用量对油菜产量和钾素积累及因冻害减产程度的影响

崔鑫1，谷贺贺1，宋毅1，张哲2，刘诗诗1，陆志峰1，任涛1,*，鲁剑巍1   

  1. 1 华中农业大学资源与环境学院 / 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 华中农业大学微量元素研究中心，湖北武汉 430070；2 全国农业技术推广服务中心，北京 100125
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-11 修回日期:2025-03-26 接受日期:2025-03-26 网络出版日期:2025-04-01
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1901100)，湖北省现代农业产业技术体系油菜产业技术体系(2023HBSTX4-03)和财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-12)资助。

Effects of potassium fertilizer application rates on rapeseed yield and potassium absorption and yield reduction caused by frost damage

CUI Xin1,GU He-He1,SONG Yi1,ZHANG Zhe2,LIU Shi-Shi1,LU Zhi-Feng1,REN Tao1,*,LU Jian-Wei1   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River) / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; 2 National Agricultural Technical Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China
  • Received:2024-09-11 Revised:2025-03-26 Accepted:2025-03-26 Published online:2025-04-01
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1901100), the Hubei Province Agriculture Research System Rapeseed Research System (2023HBSTX4-03), and the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-12).

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摘要：

冬油菜越冬期与蕾薹期遭遇低温冻害是影响油菜产量的主要不利因素，增施钾肥是提高冬油菜抗逆性、减少油菜遭遇低温冻害所带来产量损失的有效措施。为明确不同钾肥用量对冻害后油菜产量损失程度的影响，本研究利用2022/2023和2023/2024年在湖北省两地开展钾肥定位田间试验，对比了2023/2024年极端低温天气下钾肥用量(0、60、120、180、240 kg hm?2)对冻害后油菜产量及产量构成因子、地上部钾养分含量及分配、钾养分利用效率的影响，明确了低温冻害下油菜适宜的钾肥用量。结果表明，与2022/2023年度相比，2023/2024年的极端低温天气造成武汉和武穴试验点相同处理下的油菜分别减产13.4%~24.1%和35.7%~51.7%，地上部总生物量的降幅分别为32.3%~42.5%和23.9%~38.9%，产量降低分别主要表现在单株角果数(35.5%~56.0%)和千粒重(28.1%~31.6%)的降低。施钾缓解了冻害后油菜产量的降低程度，且在钾肥用量为180 kg hm?2时油菜的减产程度最低。冻害后油菜籽粒钾含量及分配比例增加，地上部钾积累量显著降低，但钾素吸收利用率和钾肥偏生产力降低，施钾提高了油菜籽钾含量的增加幅度，减缓了地上部钾吸收量的降低，促进了非籽粒部分钾养分向籽粒的转移。线性加平台模型的拟合表明，冻害后武汉和武穴试验点的适宜钾肥用量分别为163.1 kg hm-2和147.9 kg hm-2，相比2022/2023年适宜施钾量平均增加35.2 kg hm-2。综上所述，在遇到低温冻害天气时，适当追施钾肥有助于改善油菜生长，缓解由于低温冻害对油菜造成的产量损失。

关键词: 钾肥用量, 油菜产量, 养分吸收, 冻害程度, 适宜钾用量

Abstract:

Low-temperature frost damage during the overwintering and budding stages of winter rapeseed significantly affects yield formation. Increasing potassium fertilizer application is an effective strategy to enhance stress resistance and mitigate yield losses caused by frost damage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different potassium fertilizer rates on rapeseed yield reduction following frost damage. Field experiments were conducted in Wuxue City and Wuhan City, Hubei Province, during the 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 growing seasons. The study compared the effects of varying potassium fertilizer rates (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg hm?2) on rapeseed yield, yield components, aboveground nutrient content and distribution, and potassium nutrient use efficiency under extreme low-temperature conditions in the 2023/2024 season. The results indicated that, compared to the 2022/2023 season, the 2023/2024 frost conditions led to a 13.4%–24.1% yield reduction at the Wuhan site and a more pronounced 35.7%–57.1% reduction at the Wuxue site under the same treatments. This was accompanied by a decline in total aboveground biomass, ranging from 32.3%–42.5% in Wuhan and 23.9%–38.9% in Wuxue. The primary factors contributing to yield loss were a substantial decrease in pod number per plant (35.5%–56.0%) and a reduction in 1000-seed weight (28.1%–31.6%). Potassium application alleviated yield losses, with the K180 treatment exhibiting the smallest yield reduction. After frost damage, the potassium content and its distribution within rapeseed increased, although aboveground potassium accumulation declined significantly. Additionally, potassium absorption efficiency and the partial factor productivity of potassium fertilizer decreased. Potassium application enhanced potassium accumulation in rapeseed, slowed the decline in aboveground potassium absorption, and promoted the transfer of potassium from non-seed tissues to seeds. Model fitting using a linear-plus-plateau approach suggested optimal potassium application rates of 163.1 kg hm?2 for Wuhan and 147.9 kg hm?2 for Wuxue, representing an average increase of 35.2 kg hm?2 compared to the 2022/2023 season. In conclusion, appropriate potassium fertilization during low-temperature frost periods can significantly improve rapeseed growth and mitigate yield losses caused by severe climatic fluctuations.

Key words: potassium fertilizer application rates, rapeseed yield, nutrient absorption, frost damage severity, optimal potassium application rate

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