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自然条件下气温升高3℃至4℃对地膜玉米根-冠衰老和产量的影响

张世博1,*，李宏岩1，李培富1，任瑞华2，路海东3,*   

  1. 1 宁夏大学农学院, 宁夏银川 750021; 2 西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院, 陕西杨凌 712100; 3 西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2024-11-22 修回日期:2025-03-26 接受日期:2025-03-26 网络出版日期:2025-04-03
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由宁夏回族自治区粮食作物种质创制与生长调控创新团队项目(2022BSB03109)和陕西省重点研发计划项目(2022-NY-197)资助。

Effects of a 3–4°C increase in air temperature under natural conditions on root-shoot senescence and yield in plastic-film mulched maize

ZHANG Shi-Bo1,*,LI Hong-Yan1,LI Pei-Fu1,REN Rui-Hua2,LU Hai-Dong3,*   

  1. 1 School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China; 2 College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; 3 College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2024-11-22 Revised:2025-03-26 Accepted:2025-03-26 Published online:2025-04-03
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Innovative Team for Germplasm Creation and Growth Regulation of Grain Crops in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2022BSB03109) and the Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province (2022-NY-197).

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摘要：

随着近年来全球气温不断升高及骤旱频发，地膜春玉米早衰现象愈加严重，严重抑制了玉米产量的形成。目前，关于覆膜玉米早衰的研究主要集中在水分逆境胁迫与叶片关系方面，而覆膜增温对春玉米根-冠衰老的作用机理尚不明确。因此，基于以上问题，本研究于2021—2022年在西北半湿润易旱区的长武(年平均气温>9℃)和杨凌(年平均气温>12℃)进行了为期2年的田间试验。以裸地为对照(CK)，从不改变地膜保水效应的角度出发，设置了透明地膜覆盖(TM)和“透明地膜+黑色聚乙烯网”的双层覆盖(TM+BN)措施。以郑单958为供试材料，研究不同覆盖措施对旱地农田土壤环境、春玉米根系生长与衰老特性、叶片持绿特性及产量的影响。结果表明，与CK相比，覆盖处理增加了2个地点的土壤蓄水量，且覆盖处理间的平均土壤蓄水量无显著差异。同时，杨凌春玉米从三叶至成熟期(V3—R6)的平均表土温度比长武高2.1~2.3℃。在2个地点，TM下的平均表土温度比TM+BN显著增加2.0~2.2℃。因此，相比TM，TM+BN适度的降温有利于后期土壤氮素供应，进而延长了春玉米生殖生长期10~12 d，并增强了生育后期根系抗氧化能力和叶片持绿特性，使成熟期0~40 cm根系干重及地上部干物质积累量分别显著提高8.6%和14.4%，最终较TM增加了春玉米产量18.5%~24.5%。这些结果表明，在未来全球变暖3~4℃的大背景下，在热量资源丰富的旱地农业区，将V3—R6期的平均表土温度保持在26.3~29.0℃有望延缓地膜玉米早衰并提高籽粒产量。本研究可为地膜玉米高产高效栽培及可持续生产提供科学理论依据。

关键词: 旱地, 地膜增温, 物候, 玉米根-冠衰老, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

With the ongoing rise in global temperatures and the increasing frequency of flash droughts, premature senescence in plastic film-mulched spring maize has become more severe, significantly limiting maize yield formation. Current research on this issue primarily focuses on the relationship between moisture stress and leaf characteristics, while the mechanisms underlying film-induced warming and its effects on root-shoot senescence in spring maize remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a two-year field experiment (2021–2022) in Changwu (average annual temperature > 9°C) and Yangling (average annual temperature > 12°C), two semi-humid, drought-prone regions in northwestern China. The experiment included a bare land control (CK) and two mulching treatments: transparent film mulching (TM) and dual mulching with transparent film and black polyethylene net (TM+BN), designed to maintain the film’s water retention effect while modifying soil temperature. Using ‘Zhengdan 958’ as the test variety, we investigated the effects of these mulching strategies on soil conditions, root growth and senescence, leaf stay-green characteristics, and yield performance in dryland maize farming. The results showed that, compared to CK, both mulching treatments increased soil water storage at both locations, with no significant differences in average soil water storage between TM and TM+BN. Meanwhile, the average topsoil temperature of spring maize in Yangling from the three-leaf stage to maturity (V3–R6) was 2.1–2.3°C higher than in Changwu. Across both locations, the average topsoil temperature under TM was 2.0–2.2°C higher than under TM+BN, indicating that TM+BN had a moderate soil cooling effect. Compared to TM, the soil cooling effect of TM+BN extended the reproductive growth period of spring maize by 10–12 days, improved nutrient supply during the late growth stages, and enhanced root antioxidant capacity and leaf greenness. As a result, root dry weight at 0–40 cm depth increased by 8.6%, aboveground dry matter accumulation at maturity increased by 14.4%, and grain yield improved by 18.5%–24.5% compared to TM. These findings suggest that, under projected global warming of 3–4°C, maintaining an average topsoil temperature between 26.3°C and 29.0°C during the V3–R6 period in heat-rich dryland agricultural regions may delay premature senescence in film-mulched maize and enhance grain yield. This study provides a scientific basis for high-yield, efficient cultivation and sustainable production of film-mulched maize in a warming climate. 

Key words: dryland, warming of plastic film, phenology, maize root-shoot senescence, grain yield

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