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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5): 1327-1338.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22033

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

长三角水稻-油菜周年两熟温光资源分配与利用特征

陶玥玥1(), 盛雪雯3, 徐坚2, 沈园1, 王海候1, 陆长婴1, 沈明星1,*()   

  1. 1江苏太湖地区农业科学研究所/国家土壤质量相城观测实验站, 江苏苏州 215155
    2太仓东林农场专业合作社, 江苏苏州 215400
    3苏州市农业技术推广中心, 江苏苏州 215155
  • 收稿日期:2022-05-16 接受日期:2022-10-10 出版日期:2023-05-12 网络出版日期:2022-10-20
  • 通讯作者: *沈明星, E-mail: smxwwj@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: twhhltyy@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    江苏省农业科技自主创新项目(CX21(3097));国家自然科学基金项目(32101854);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300207)

Characteristics of heat and solar resources allocation and utilization in rice- oilseed rape double cropping systems in the Yangtze River Delta

TAO Yue-Yue1(), SHENG Xue-Wen3, XU Jian2, SHEN Yuan1, WANG Hai-Hou1, LU Chang-Ying1, SHEN Ming-Xing1,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Taihu Lake District/National Soil Quality Observation and Experimental Station in Xiangcheng, Suzhou 215155, Jiangsu, China
    2Taicang Donglin Professional Cooperatives, Taicang 215400, Jiangsu, China
    3Suzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Suzhou 215155, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2022-05-16 Accepted:2022-10-10 Published:2023-05-12 Published online:2022-10-20
  • Contact: *E-mail: smxwwj@163.com
  • Supported by:
    Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX21(3097));National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101854);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300207)

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摘要：

为提升长江流域水稻-油菜周年产量潜力和资源利用效率, 2017—2021年于江苏苏州布置田间定位试验, 以中熟晚粳水稻-垄作摆栽油菜传统模式为对照, 对比研究了新型迟熟中粳水稻-直播油菜模式干物质产量、水稻籽粒产量、温光资源分配和利用特征及经济效益。结果表明, 与常规模式相比, 新型模式油菜季温和光生产效率分别显著提高了24.1%和20.6%, 水稻季温、光生产效率无显著变化。新型模式下油菜干物质产量显著提高了18.2%, 但水稻籽粒和干物质产量分别显著下降了17.6%和15.5%。常规模式中水稻和油菜两季积温分配率分别为63.9%和36.1%, 积温比值为1.77; 新型模式周年积温量减少588℃, 其中水稻积温减少483℃, 油菜季周年积温分配率增加了1.8%, 两季积温比值下降为1.64。新型模式较常规模式增加周年效益31.4%, 提高油菜种植效益2.2倍, 而降低水稻种植效益17.4%。由此, 以迟熟中粳水稻搭配后季直播油菜新型模式, 可显著提高了油菜季产量、温光生产效率与经济效益, 提升周年种植效益。在兼顾粮饲安全和经济效益的前提下, 新型水稻-油菜模式可作为长期单一化水稻、油菜或小麦两熟制轮作模式之一。

关键词: 长江流域, 水稻-油菜两熟, 籽粒产量, 干物质产量, 温光资源分配, 资源利用效率

Abstract:

To improve annual yield and resource use efficiency in rice-oilseed rape systems in the Yangtze River Delta, a field experiment of two cropping systems, namely innovated system with late maturity medium season japonica rice-directly sowing oilseed rape (Rs-Ods) and traditional system with medium maturity late season japonica rice-furrow ridging and placed planting oilseed rape (Rl-Ofrpp), was conducted at Suzhou, Jiangsu, China, from 2017 to 2021. The annual dry matter yield, rice grain yield, distribution and utilization efficiency of heat and solar climatic resources as well as the economic benefit were compared between two cropping systems. The results showed that, compared with the conventional system, the new system significantly improved the accumulated temperature production efficiency by 24.1% and light energy production efficiency by 20.6% of the oilseed rape season, while there was no significant difference in rice season. In the new system, the dry matter yield of rapeseed was significantly increased by 18.2% whereas the rice grain and dry matter yield were significantly decreased by 17.6% and 15.5%, respectively. In the traditional system, with the rate of accumulated temperature between two seasons of 1.77, the accumulative temperature distribution rate was 63.9% in rice season and 36.1% in oilseed rape season, respectively. The annual accumulative temperature of the new system decreased by 588℃, among which the accumulated temperature of rice decreased by 483℃. The accumulative temperature distribution rate in oilseed rape season was increased by 1.8%, and the ratio of accumulated temperature between the two seasons decreased to 1.64. Compared to the traditional system, the new system increased the annual economic benefit by 31.4%, increased the rape planting benefit by 2.2 times and decreased the rice growing economic benefit by 17.4%. In conclusion, the new cropping system, late maturity medium season japonica rice-directly sowing oilseed rape forage, significantly improved the yield, accumulated temperature and radiation production efficiency, growing benefit of oilseed rape season as well as the annual economic benefit. Considering the food and forage security as well as economic benefit, the new rice-rapeseed cropping system can be used as one of the alternatives for the long-term monoculture of rice-wheat or rice-oilseed rape double cropping system.

Key words: the Yangtze River Delta, rice-oilseed rape double cropping system, grain yield, dry matter yield, temperature and radiation allocation, resource use efficiency

表1

不同处理种植方案和作物生育期"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Cropping pattern		 水稻 Rice 油菜Oilseed rape
品种
Variety		 移栽期Transplanting date (M/D) 收获期
Harvest date (M/D)		 生育期
Growth duration (d)		 播栽方式
Planting method		 播期−栽期
Sowing−transplanting date (M/D)		 收获期
Harvest
date (M/D)		 生育期
Growth duration (d)
2017/2018 Rs-Ods 南粳9108
Nanjing 9108		 5/22 10/4 135 机条播
Mechanical sowing		 10/9 5/4 207
Rl-Ofrpp 苏香粳100
Suxiangjing 100		 5/22 10/28 159 机开沟摆栽
Mechanical furrowing and placed-planting		 9/31−11/3 5/4 212
2018/2019 Rs-Ods 南粳9108
Nanjing 9108		 5/18 9/28 133 机条播
Mechanical sowing		 10/13 4/25 194
Rl-Ofrpp 苏香粳100
Suxiangjing 100		 5/18 10/25 160 机开沟摆栽
Mechanical furrowing and placed-planting		 10/5−11/10 4/25 203
2020/2021 Rs-Ods 南粳9108
Nanjing 9108		 5/27 10/10 136 机条播
Mechanical sowing		 10/15 4/24 191
Rl-Ofrpp 苏香粳100
Suxiangjing 100		 5/27 11/3 160 机开沟摆栽
Mechanical furrowing and placed-planting		 10/8−11/12 4/24 199

表2

不同种植模式季节间积温分配"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 水稻Rice 油菜Oilseed rape 周年Annual
积温
AT (℃)		 分配率
TDR (%)		 积温
AT (℃)		 分配率
TDR (%)		 积温
AT (℃)		 两季比
TR
2017/2018 Rs-Ods 3841 61.8 2373 38.2 6214 1.62
Rl-Ofrpp 4311 63.5 2479 36.5 6790 1.74
2018/2019 Rs-Ods 3594 63.1 2098 36.9 5692 1.71
Rl-Ofrpp 4088 65.0 2201 35.0 6289 1.86
2020/2021 Rs-Ods 3765 61.4 2367 38.6 6132 1.59
Rl-Ofrpp 4250 63.2 2475 36.8 6725 1.72
平均Average Rs-Ods 3733 b 62.1 b 2279 a 37.9 a 6013 a 1.64 a
Rl-Ofrpp 4216 a 63.9 a 2385 a 36.1 b 6601 a 1.77 a

表3

不同种植模式季节间辐射分配"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 水稻 Rice 油菜 Oilseed rape 周年 Annual
辐射量
Ra (MJ m-2)		 分配率
RDR (%)		 辐射量
Ra (MJ m-2)		 分配率
RDR (%)		 辐射量
Ra (MJ m-2)		 两季比
RR
2017/2018 Rs-Ods 2165 51.6 2033 48.4 4198 1.06
Rl-Ofrpp 2418 53.7 2087 46.3 4505 1.16
2018/2019 Rs-Ods 1979 55.1 1614 44.9 3594 1.23
Rl-Ofrpp 2280 59.9 1527 40.1 3807 1.49
2020/2021 Rs-Ods 1579 50.0 1576 50.0 3155 1.00
Rl-Ofrpp 1739 50.7 1688 49.3 3427 1.03
平均Average Rs-Ods 1908 a 52.2 a 1741 a 47.8 a 3649 a 1.10 a
Rl-Ofrpp 2146 a 54.8 a 1767 a 45.2 a 3913 a 1.23 a

图1

不同种植模式下干物质产量 不同字母表示该年份下种植模式间差异显著(P < 0.05); 处理同表1。Rs-Ods: 新型模式, 迟熟中粳水稻-直播油菜; Rl-Ofrpp: 常规模式, 中熟晚粳水稻-垄作摆栽油菜。"

图2

不同种植模式周年与季节间积温生产效率 不同字母表示该年份下种植模式间差异显著(P < 0.05); 处理同表1。Rs-Ods: 新型模式, 迟熟中粳水稻-直播油菜; Rl-Ofrpp: 常规模式, 中熟晚粳水稻-垄作摆栽油菜。"

图3

不同种植模式季节间光能生产效率 不同字母表示该年份下种植模式间差异显著(P < 0.05); 处理同表1。Rs-Ods: 新型模式, 迟熟中粳水稻-直播油菜; Rl-Ofrpp: 常规模式, 中熟晚粳水稻-垄作摆栽油菜。"

图4

不同种植模式下水稻籽粒产量和秸秆产量 不同字母表示该年份下种植模式间差异显著(P < 0.05); 处理同表1。Rs-Ods: 新型模式, 迟熟中粳水稻-直播油菜; Rl-Ofrpp: 常规模式, 中熟晚粳水稻-垄作摆栽油菜。"

表4

不同种植模式干物质产能、年总光能利用率和经济效益"

处理Treatment 水稻 Rice 油菜 Oilseed rape 周年Annual
干物质
产能
DMPE
(MJ m-2)		 稻谷
产值
Value
(Y)		 成本
Cost
(Y)		 净收入
Net income
(Y)		 干物质
产能
DMPE
(MJ m-2)		 饲油
效益
Value
(Y)		 人工
成本
Labor cost
(Y)		 其他
成本
Other costs
(Y)		 净收入
Net
income
(Y)		 干物质
产能
DMPE
(MJ m-2)		 总光能
利用率
ARUE
(%)		 产值 Value
(Y)
Rs-Ods 29.4 b 23490 10320 13170 29.3 a 25280 650 6870 17760 57.7 a 1.60 a 30930
Rl-Ofrpp 34.8 a 28350 10320 18030 23.9 b 21280 5250 10530 5500 58.7 a 1.51 a 23530

图5

不同种植模式水稻籽粒产量温光能生产效率 不同字母表示该年份下种植模式间差异显著(P < 0.05); 处理同表1。Rs-Ods: 新型模式, 迟熟中粳水稻-直播油菜; Rl-Ofrpp: 常规模式, 中熟晚粳水稻-垄作摆栽油菜。"

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