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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (5): 1286-1298.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44153

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同养分管理措施对稻田和旱地油菜产量的影响及其对冻害的响应

盛倩男1(), 方娅婷1, 赵剑1, 杜思垚1, 胡行珍1, 余秋华2, 朱俊1, 任涛1, 鲁剑巍1,*()   

  1. 1华中农业大学资源与环境学院 / 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 微量元素研究中心, 湖北武汉 430070
    2湖北省耕地质量与肥料工作总站, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-11 接受日期:2025-01-23 出版日期:2025-05-12 网络出版日期:2025-02-06
  • 通讯作者: *鲁剑巍, E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: Shengqiannan@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目“长江中下游水旱轮作区中低产田障碍消减与产能提升综合模式与应用”(2023YFD1901100);湖北省现代农业产业技术体系油菜产业技术体系项目(2023HBSTX4-03);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12)

Effects of different nutrient management practices on oilseed rape yield and their response to freezing stress between upland and paddy-upland rotations

SHENG Qian-Nan1(), FANG Ya-Ting1, ZHAO Jian1, DU Si-Yao1, HU Xing-Zhen1, YU Qiu-hua2, ZHU Jun1, REN Tao1, LU Jian-Wei1,*()   

  1. 1College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Microelement Research Center, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2Hubei Provincial General Station of Cultivated Land Quality and Fertilizer, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2024-09-11 Accepted:2025-01-23 Published:2025-05-12 Published online:2025-02-06
  • Contact: *E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China “Comprehensive Model and Application of Obstacle Reduction and Productivity Improvement of Low-yield Fields in the Water-dry Rotation Area of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River”(2023YFD1901100);Hubei Province Agriculture Research System Rapeseed Research System(2023HBSTX4-03);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-12)

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摘要：

蕾薹期冻害是限制冬油菜产量提升的关键因素之一, 优化养分管理措施可有效缓解油菜冻害胁迫。在2023/2024年, 我国长江流域经历了2轮寒潮天气, 油菜生产均受到不同程度减产。为探究不同养分管理措施对稻田油菜(水稻-油菜)和旱地油菜(玉米-油菜)生长的影响及其对冻害的响应, 利用湖北省沙洋县田间长期定位试验, 结合2022/2023和2023/2024年2个油菜生长季的气象因子, 以稻田油菜(水稻-油菜轮作)和旱地油菜(玉米-油菜轮作) 2种油菜种植方式为主处理, 以不施肥(CK)、习惯施肥(CF)、优化施肥(NPK)和优化施肥+秸秆+有机肥(NPK+S+M) 4个处理作为副处理, 分析油菜产量、产量构成因子和地上部生物量, 并进一步得出2种轮作模式下油菜对冻害胁迫的响应差异。研究表明, 2022/2023年(对照年)旱地油菜产量较稻田油菜高(CK处理除外), 而在2023/2024年(冻害年)稻田油菜产量均高于旱地油菜。在CK、CF、NPK和NPK+S+M处理, 稻田油菜的冻害减产率分别为74.9%、54.6%、61.1%、68.1%, 旱地油菜的冻害减产率分别为70.8%、71.7%、69.0%、71.6%。冻害对稻田和旱地油菜的单株角果数影响最大, 分别平均减少28.3%和29.7%; 其次是千粒重, 分别平均降低16.5%和38.8%, 且冻害后增加了千粒重对油菜产量的贡献度。油菜地上部生物量对不同养分管理和冻害的响应程度与产量趋势一致。进一步对油菜生长指标和气象因子进行相关性分析, 得出油菜产量与受冻害时期的平均最高气温呈显著正相关, 与≤0℃天数、≤-3℃天数和总降雨量呈负相关。综上, 旱地油菜和稻田油菜产量对适应低温胁迫的敏感程度存在差异并受到养分管理的影响, 稻田油菜的抗冻效果优于旱地油菜, 油菜生长应该提供充足的养分条件, 以习惯施肥处理最佳。

关键词: 养分管理, 水稻-油菜轮作, 玉米-油菜轮作, 冻害, 油菜籽产量

Abstract:

Freezing stress during the bolting stage is one of the critical factors limiting the yield increase of winter oilseed rape. Optimizing nutrient management practices can effectively mitigate cold damage stress in oilseed rape. During the 2023/2024 growing season, the Yangtze River Basin in China experienced two rounds of cold waves, resulting in varying levels of reduction in oilseed rape production. To investigate the effects of different nutrient management strategies on the growth of paddy oilseed rape (rice-oilseed rape rotation) and upland oilseed rape (maize-oilseed rape rotation), as well as their responses to freezing stress, a field experiment was conducted in Shayang county, Hubei province. The study incorporated meteorological data across two oilseed rape growing seasons (2022/2023 and 2023/2024). The main treatments were two planting patterns: paddy-grown oilseed rape in rice-oilseed rape rotation and upland oilseed rape in maize-oilseed rape rotation. The subplot treatments included no fertilizer (CK), conventional fertilization (CF), optimized fertilization (NPK) and optimized fertilization + straw + organic fertilization (NPK+S+M). The analysis encompassed oilseed rape yield, yield components and shoot biomass, further revealing the differential response of oilseed rape to freezing stress across the two rotations. The results showed that in 2022/2023 (control year), upland oilseed rape had higher yields than paddy oilseed rape. However, in 2023/2024 (freezing stress year), paddy oilseed rape outperformed upland oilseed rape in terms of yield. Under CK, CF, NPK, and NPK+S+M treatments, the yield reduction rates caused by freezing stress were 74.9%, 54.6%, 61.1% and 68.1% in paddy fields, and 70.8%, 71.7%, 69.0%, 71.6% in upland fields, respectively. Freezing stress had the greatest impact on the number of siliques per plant reducing it by an average of 28.3% in paddy fields and 29.7% in upland fields. Following this, the 1000-seed weight was affected, with an average reduction of 16.5% in paddy field and 38.8% in upland fields. Notably, after freezing stress, the contribution of 1000-seed weight to total yield increased. The response of shoot biomass to nutrient management and freezing stress followed a similar trend to yield. Correlation analysis between oilseed rape yield and meteorological factors revealed a significant positive correlation between mean maximum temperature and yield, and a significant negative correlation between yield and the number of days with temperatures ≤ 0℃ days, ≤ -3℃ days and total precipitation. In conclusion, paddy-grown oilseed rape and upland oilseed rape exhibited different sensitivities to low-temperature stress, which were influenced by nutrient management practices. Paddy oilseed rape demonstrated superior freeze resistance compared to upland oilseed rape. Providing adequate nutrient supply, particularly under CF treatment, was found to be the most effective strategy for mitigating cold stress and improving yield.

Key words: nutrient management, rice-oilseed rape rotation, maize-oilseed rape rotation, freezing stress, oilseed rape production

图1

对照年和冻害年油菜生长季主要气象因子"

表1

油菜生育期气候资源分配指标"

年份
Year		 日期
Date		 生育时期
Growth stage		 平均最高气温
Mean maximum temperature
(℃)		 平均最低气温
Mean minimum temperature
(℃)		 日平均气温
Daily mean temperature
(℃)		 ≤ 0℃天数
≤ 0℃ days
(d)
对照年
Control year		 10/25-12/25 移栽期-苗期
Transplanting stage-seedling stage		 15.8 7.1 10.8 9
12/25-02/15 越冬期-抽薹期
Overwintering stage-bolting stage		 10.5 2.1 5.7 15
02/15-03/20 抽薹期-终花期
Bolting stage-final flowering stage		 16.7 7.5 11.8 1
03/20-05/08 终花期-成熟期
Final flowering stage-maturity stage		 22.3 13.4 17.4 0
冻害年Freezing stress year 10/27-12/27 移栽期-苗期
Transplanting stage-seedling stage		 15.4 6.4 10.3 10
12/27-02/27 越冬期-抽薹期
Overwintering stage-bolting stage		 9.2 1.6 4.9 22
02/27-03/27 抽薹期-终花期
Bolting stage-final flowering stage		 16.9 8.5 12.2 0
03/27-05/05 终花期-成熟期
Final flowering stage-maturity stage		 23.2 15.2 18.9 0
年份
Year		 日期
Date		 生育时期
Growth stage		 ≤ -3℃天数
≤ -3℃ days
(d)		 总降雨量
Total
precipitation
(mm)		 ≥ 0℃有效积温
≥ 0℃ effective
accumulated temperature (℃)
对照年Control year 10/25-12/25 移栽期-苗期
Transplanting stage-seedling stage		 1 30.6 671.3
12/25-02/15 越冬期-抽薹期
Overwintering stage-bolting stage		 2 40.3 298.2
02/15-03/20 抽薹期-终花期
Bolting stage-final flowering stage		 0 23.8 388.3
03/20-05/08 终花期-成熟期
Final flowering stage-maturity stage		 0 140.1 834.1
冻害年Freezing stress year 10/27-12/27 移栽期-苗期
Transplanting stage-seedling stage		 3 103.7 628.8
12/27-02/27 越冬期-抽薹期
Overwintering stage-bolting stage		 9 159.2 321.1
02/27-03/27 抽薹期-终花期
Bolting stage-final flowering stage		 0 40.9 354.3
03/27-05/05 终花期-成熟期
Final flowering stage-maturity stage		 0 119.7 737.6

表2

冻害下不同养分管理对油菜籽产量的影响"

年份
Year		 养分管理
Nutrient management		 对照年
Control year		 冻害年
Freezing stress year		 冻害减产量
Yield decrease value		 冻害减产率
Yield decrease rate (%)
稻田油菜
Paddy oilseed rape		 CK 804±86 c** 201±65 c 603 74.9
CF 4137±157 a 1880±112 a* 2257 54.6
NPK 3321±367 b 1291±183 b 2030 61.1
NPK+S+M 4103±570 a 1307±132 b 2796 68.1
旱地油菜
Upland oilseed rape		 CK 457±96 c 133±16 b 324 70.8
CF 4517±418 a 1279±233 a 3238 71.7
NPK 3661±410 b 1135±135 a 2526 69.0
NPK+S+M 4111±111 ab 1167±191 a 2944 71.6
方差分析ANOVA F值F-value
年份Y 811.146***
轮作R 0.997ns
养分管理N 248.433***
Y×R 5.258*
Y×N 57.642***
R×N 0.723ns
Y×R×N 3.303*

表3

冻害下不同养分管理对油菜产量构成因子的影响"

年份
Year		 养分管理
Nutrient management		 单株有效角果数
Number of effective siliques
per plant		 每角粒数
Seed number per silique		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)
对照年
Control year		 冻害年
Freezing stress year		 对照年
Control year		 冻害年
Freezing stress year		 对照年
Control year		 冻害年
Freezing stress year
稻田油菜
Paddy oilseed rape		 CK 110.4±20.9 c 60.0±15.0 c 18.9±0.9 b 17.1±2.3 a 3.99±0.12 a 3.78±0.16 a
CF 506.7±47.6 a 380.0±52.8 a 21.6±0.7 a 17.4±1.2 a 4.24±0.06 a 3.18±0.08 c
NPK 435.1±19.1 ab 296.7±35.8 b 21.0±1.1 ab 17.8±0.9 a 4.13±0.06 a 3.22±0.14 bc
NPK+S+M 475.0±41.6 ab 331.2±37.0 ab 21.2±1.7 ab 18.3±0.9 a 4.09±0.08 a 3.54±0.20 ab
旱地油菜
Upland oilseed rape		 CK 63.2±9.8 c 42.6±8.0 c 20.4±1.0 a 15.2±0.6 b 4.06±0.11 a 3.75±0.15 a
CF 505.7±34.7 a 359.2±42.9 a 22.1±3.1 a 19.4±0.2 a 4.10±0.10 a 3.00±0.20 b
NPK 398.3±40.8 b 273.4±37.7 b 22.4±2.7 a 18.0±0.6 a 4.25±0.09 a 3.17±0.21 b
NPK+S+M 490.3±51.8 a 314.0±39.1 ab 21.4±1.1 a 18.6±1.5 a 4.02±0.21 a 3.20±0.20 b
方差分析 ANOVA F值 F-value
年份Y 123.157*** 62.167*** 322.822***
轮作R 3.146ns 1.550ns 3.508ns
养分管理N 258.189*** 5.485** 7.333***
Y×R 0.011ns 0.738ns 3.077ns
Y×N 6.935*** 0.227ns 19.590***
R×N 0.527ns 0.541ns 2.108ns
Y×R×N 0.478ns 1.466ns 0.345ns

图2

不同养分管理措施下油菜单株有效角果数、每角粒数和千粒重对其产量的相对影响"

图3

冻害下不同养分管理对油菜地上部生物量及分配比例 不同小写字母表示在不同养分管理间差异达到0.05显著水平; *表示地上部生物量在年际间的t检验差异, *表示P < 0.05, **表示P < 0.01, ***表示P < 0.001, ns表示无显著差异。处理同表2。"

图4

油菜产量和产量构成因子与各生育时期气候资源相关性分析 *、**、***分别表示在0.05、0.01、0.001水平相关性显著。"

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