作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (02): 197-207.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00197
张莉**, 荐红举**, 杨博, 张翱翔, 张超, 杨鸿, 张立源, 刘列钊, 徐新福, 卢坤, 李加纳*(
)
Li ZHANG**, Hong-Ju JIAN**, Bo YANG, Ao-Xiang ZHANG, Chao ZHANG, Hong YANG, Li-Yuan ZHANG, Lie-Zhao LIU, Xin-Fu XU, Kun LU, Jia-Na LI*
摘要:
蔗糖磷酸合酶(sucrose phosphate synthase, SPS)是调控植物蔗糖合成的限速酶, 对光合产物的转运和积累有重要影响。利用拟南芥SPS蛋白保守结构域在甘蓝型油菜基因组数据库鉴定出11个甘蓝型油菜SPS基因家族成员, 根据系统进化分析将其分成A、B和C共3个亚家族。基因结构预测表明, SPSC-1有5个外显子, 其他SPS基因均有11~15个外显子。顺式作用元件分析表明, 油菜SPS基因除含基本的启动子保守元件外, 还含有许多与逆境和激素响应相关的顺式作用元件。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明, BnSPSA1在花中表达量最高, BnSPSA2在各组织中均有不同程度的表达, BnSPSB只在叶、蕾和花中表达, BnSPSC在叶中表达量最高, 在蕾和花中有少量表达而在其他组织中基本不表达, 说明SPS基因在甘蓝型油菜中的表达具有明显的组织特异性; BnSPSA1和BnSPSC在高生物产量油菜叶片中的表达高于低生物产量油菜, BnSPSB则在低生物产量油菜中的表达量更高, 说明SPS基因与油菜生物产量密切相关。本研究为油菜SPS基因的功能研究和利用奠定了基础。
| [1] | Farrar J, Pollock C, Gallagher J.Sucrose and the integration of metabolism in vascular plants.Plant Sci, 2000, 154: 1-11 |
| [2] | Bahaji A, Baroja F E, Ricarte B A, Sánchez L Á M, Muñoz F J, Romero J M, Ruiz M T, Baslam M, Almagro G, Sesma M T, Pozueta R J. Characterization of multiple SPS knockout mutants reveals redundant functions of the four Arabidopsis sucrose phosphate synthase isoforms in plant viability, and strongly indicates that enhanced respiration and accelerated starch turnover can alleviate the blockage of sucrose biosynthesis.Plant Sci, 2015, 238: 135-147 |
| [3] | Huber S C, Huber J L.Role and regulation of sucrose-phosphate synthase in higher plants.Annu Rev Plant Biol, 1996, 47: 199-222 |
| [4] | 李永庚, 于振文, 姜东, 余松烈. 冬小麦旗叶蔗糖和籽粒淀粉合成动态及与其有关的酶活性的研究. 作物学报, 2001, 27: 658-664 |
| Li Y G, Yu Z W, Jiang D, Yu S L.Studies on the dynamic changes of the synthesis of sucrose in the flag leaf and starch in the grain and related enzymes of high yielding wheat.Acta Agron Sin, 2001, 27: 658-664 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [5] | Sawitri W D, Narita H, Ishizaka I E, Sugiharto B, Hase T, Nakagawa A.Purification and characterization of recombinant sugarcane sucrose phosphate synthase expressed inE. coli and insect Sf9 cells: an importance of the N-terminal domain for an allosteric regulatory property. J Biochem, 2016, 159: 599-607 |
| [6] | Langenkämper G, Fung R W M, Newcomb R D, Atkinson R G. Gardner R C, MacRae E A. Sucrose phosphate synthase genes in plants belong to three different families. J Mol Evol, 2002, 54: 322-332 |
| [7] | Lunn J E, Macrae E.New complexities in the synthesis of sucrose.Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2003, 6: 208-214 |
| [8] | Castleden C K, Aoki N, Gillespie V J, MacRae E A, Quick W P, Buchner P, Foyer C H, Furbank R T, Lunn J E. Evolution and function of the sucrose-phosphate synthase gene families in wheat and other grasses. Plant Physiol, 2004, 135: 1753-1764 |
| [9] | Grof C P L, So C T E, Perroux J M, Bonnett G, Forrester R I. The five families of sucrose-phosphate synthase genes inSaccharum spp. are differentially expressed in leaves and stem. Funct Plant Biol, 2006, 33: 605-610 |
| [10] | Sun J D, Zhang J S, Larue C T, Larue C T, Huber S C.Decrease in leaf sucrose synthesis leads to increased leaf starch turnover and decreased RuBP regeneration-limited photosynthesis but not Rubisco-limited photosynthesis inArabidopsis null mutants of SPSA1. Plant, Cell & Environ, 2011, 34: 592-604 |
| [11] | Jiang J, Zhang Z, Cao J.Pollen wall development: the associated enzymes and metabolic pathways.Plant Biol, 2013, 15: 249-263 |
| [12] | Lin I W, Sosso D, Chen L Q, Gase K, Kim S G, Kessler D, Klinkenberg P M, Gorder M K, Hou B H, Qu X Q, Carter C J, Baldwin I T, Frommer W B.Nectar secretion requires sucrose phosphate synthases and the sugar transporter SWEET9.Nature, 2014, 508 : 546-549 |
| [13] | Chen S, HajirezaeI M, Börnke F. Differential expression of sucrose- phosphate synthase isoenzymes in tobacco reflects their functional specialization during dark-governed starch mobilization in source leaves.Plant Physiol, 2005, 139: 1163-1174 |
| [14] | Park J Y, Canam T, Kang K Y, Ellis D D, Mansfild S D.Over-expression of an Arabidopsis family A sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) gene alters plant growth and fibre development.Transgenic Res, 2008, 17: 181-192 |
| [15] | Huber S C.Role of sucrose-phosphate synthase in partitioning of carbon in leaves.Plant Physiol, 1983, 71: 818-821 |
| [16] | 刘凌霄, 沈法富, 卢合全, 韩庆点, 刘云国. 蔗糖代谢中蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的研究进展. 分子植物育种, 2005, 3: 275-281 |
| Liu L X, Shen F F, Lu H Q, Han Q D, Liu Y G.Research Advance on sucrose phosphate synthase in sucrose metabolism.Mol Plant Breed, 2005, 3: 275-281 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [17] | Baxter C J, Foyer C H, Turner J, Rolfe S A, Quick W P.Elevated sucrose phosphate synthase activity in transgenic tobacco sustains photosynthesis in old leaves and alters development.J Exp Bot, 2003, 54: 1813-1820 |
| [18] | Ishimaru K, Hirotsu N, Kashiwagi T, Madoka Y, Nagasuga K, Ono K, Ohsugi R.Over-expression of a maizeSPS gene improves yield characters of potato under field conditions. Plant Prod Sci, 2008, 11: 104-107 |
| [19] | Ohsugi R, Huber S C.Light modulation and localization of sucrose phosphate synthase activity between mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells in C4 species.Plant Physiol, 1987, 84: 1096-1101 |
| [20] | Reimholz R, Geiger M, Haake V, Deiting U, Krause K P, Sonnewald U, Stitt M.Potato plants contain multiple forms of sucrose phosphate synthase, which differ in their tissue distributions, their levels during development, and their responses to low temperature. Plant, Cell & Environ, 1997, 20: 291-305 |
| [21] | Quick P, Siegl G, Neuhaus E, Feil R, Stitt M.Shortterm water stress leads to a stimulation of sucrose synthesis by activating sucrose-phosphate synthase.Planta, 1989, 177: 535-546 |
| [22] | Seneweera S P, Basra A S, Barlow E W, Conroy J P.Diurnal regulation of leaf blade elongation in rice by CO2 (Is it related to sucrose-phosphate synthase activity?).Plant Physiol, 1995, 108: 1471-1477 |
| [23] | Gibon Y, Bläsing O E, Palacios R N, Pankovic D,Hendriks J H M, Fisahn J, Höhne M, Gunther M, Stitt M. Adjustment of diurnal starch turnover to short days: depletion of sugar during the night leads to a temporary inhibition of carbohydrate utilization, accumulation of sugars and post-translational activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the following light period.Plant J, 2004, 39: 847-862 |
| [24] | Okamura M, Aoki N, Hirose T, Yonekura M, Ohto C, Ohsugi R.Tissue specificity and diurnal change in gene expression of the sucrose phosphate synthase gene family in rice.Plant Sci, 2011, 181: 159-166 |
| [25] | Winter H, Huber S C.Regulation of sucrose metabolism in higher plants: localization and regulation of activity of key enzymes.Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 2000, 35: 253-289 |
| [26] | 唐湘如, 官春云. 施氮对油菜几种酶活性的影响及其与产量和品质的关系. 中国油料作物学报, 2001, 23(4): 32-37 |
| Tang X R, Guan C Y.Chinese journal of oil crop sciences, Effect of N application on activities of several enzymes and trait of yield and quality in rapeseed cultivar Xiangyou No.13.Chin J Oil Crop Sci, 2001, 23(4): 32-37 (in Chinese) | |
| [27] | Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S.MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0.Mol Biol Evol, 2013, 30: 2725-2729 |
| [28] | Artimo P, Jonnalagedda M, Arnold K, Baratin D, Csardi G, de Castro E, Duvaud S, Flegel V, Fortier A, Gasteiger E, Grosdidier A, Hernandez C, Ioannidis V, Kuznetsov D, Liechti R, Moretti S, Mostaguir K, Redaschi N, Rossier G, Xenarios I, Stockinger H. ExPASy: SIB bioinformatics resource portal.Nucl Acids Res, 2012, 40: W597-W603 |
| [29] | Hu B, Jin J P, Guo A Y, Zhang H, Luo J H, Gao G.GSDS 2.0: an upgraded gene feature visualization server.Bioinformatics, 2015, 31: 1296-1297 |
| [30] | Bailey T L, Boden M, Buske F A, Frith M, Grant C E, Clementi L, Ren J Y, Li W W, Noble W S.MEME SUITE: tools for motif discovery and searching.Nucl Acids Res, 2009, 37: W202-W208 |
| [31] | Jones P, Binns D, Chang H Y, Fraser M, Li W Z, McAnulla C, McWilliam H, Maslen J, Mitchell A, Nuka G, Pesseat S, Quinn A F, Sangrador V A, Scheremetjew M, Yong S Y, Lopez R, Hunter S. InterProScan 5: genome-scale protein function classification.Bioinformatics, 2014, 30: 1236-1240 |
| [32] | Lescot M, Déhais P, Thijs G, Marchal K, Moreau Y, Peer Y V D, Rouzé P, Rombauts S. PlantCARE, a database of plantcis-acting regulatory elements and a portal to tools for in silico analysis of promoter sequences. Nucl Acids Res, 2002, 30: 325-327 |
| [33] | Rombauts S, Déhais P, Van M M, Rouzé P.PlantCARE, a plant cis-acting regulatory element database.Nucl Acids Res, 1999, 27: 295-296 |
| [34] | Wei L J, Jian H J, Lu K, Filardo F, Yin N W, Liu L Z, Qu C M, Li W, Du H, Li J N.Genome-wide association analysis and differential expression analysis of resistance toSclerotinia stem rot in Brassica napus. Plant Biotechnol J, 2016, 14: 1368-1380 |
| [35] | 李乐, 许红亮, 杨兴露, 李雅轩, 胡英考. 大豆LEA基因家族全基因组鉴定、分类和表达. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 3945-3954 |
| Li L, Xu H L, Yang X L, Li Y X, Hu Y K, Genome-wide identification, classification and expression analysis ofLEA gene family in soybean. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 3945-3954 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [36] | 王小非, 刘鑫, 苏玲, 孙永江, 张世忠, 郝玉金, 由春香. 番茄LBD基因家族的全基因组序列鉴定及其进化和表达分析. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 2501-2513 |
| Wang X F, Liu X, Su L, Sun Y J, Zhang S Z, Hao Y J, You C X.Identification, evolution and expression analysis of the LBD gene family in tomato.Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 2501-2513 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [37] | 许园园, 蔺经, 李晓刚, 常有宏. 梨CBL基因家族全基因组序列的鉴定及非生物胁迫下的表达分析. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 735-747 |
| Xu Y Y, Lin J, Li X G, Chang Y H.Identification and expression analysis under abiotic stresses of theCBL gene family in pear. Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 735-747 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [38] | Jian H J, Lu K, Yang B, Wang T Y, Zhang L, Zhang A X, Wang J, Liu L Z, Qu C M, Li J N.Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of theSUC and SWEET gene families of sucrose transporters in oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.). Front Plant Sci, 2016, 7: 1464-1480 |
| [39] | Yoo M J, Ma T Y, Zhu N, Liu L H, Harmon A C, Wang Q M, Chen S X.Genome-wide identification and homeolog-specific expression analysis of theSnRK2 genes in Brassica napus guard cells. Plant Mol Biol, 2016, 91: 211-227 |
| [40] | He Y J, Mao S S, Gao Y L, Wu D M, Cui Y X, Li J N, Qian W.Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of WRKY transcription factors under multiple stresses inBrassica napus. PLoS One, 2016, 11: e0157558 |
| [41] | Dun X L, Shen W H, Hu K N, Zhou Z F, Xia S Q, Wen J, Yi B, Shen J X, Ma C Z, Tu J X, Fu T D, Lagercrantz U.Neofunctionalization of duplicatedTic40 genes caused a gain-of-function variation related to male fertility in Brassica oleracea lineages. Plant Physiol, 2014, 166: 1403-1419 |
| [42] | Lysak M A, Cheung K, Kitschke M, Bureš P.Ancestral chromosomal blocks are triplicated in Brassiceae species with varying chromosome number and genome size.Plant Physiol, 2007, 145: 402-410 |
| [43] | Wang X W, Wang H Z, Wang J, Sun R F, Wu J, Liu S Y, Bai Y Q, Mun J H, Bancroft I, Cheng F, Huang S W, Li X X, Hua W, Wang J Y, Wang X Y, Freeling M, Pires J C, Paterson A H, Chalhoub B, Wang B, Hayward A, Sharpe A G, Park B S, Wesshaar B, Liu B H, Li B, Liu B, Tong C B, Song C, Duran C, Peng C F, Geng C Y, Koh C, Lin C Y, Edwards D, Mu D S, Shen D, Soumpourou E, Li F, Fraser F, Conant G, Lassalle G, King G J, Bommema G, Tang H B, Wang H P, Belcram H, Zhou H L, Hirakawa H, Abe H, Guo H, Wang H, Jin H Z, Parkin I A P, Batley J, Kim J S, Just J, Li J W, Xun J H, Deng J, Kim J A, Li J P, Yu J Y, Meng J L, Wang J P, Min J M, Poulain J, Wang J, Hatakeyama K, Wu K, Wang L, Fang L, Trick M, Links M G, Zhao M X, Jin M N, Ramchiary N, Drou N, Berkman P J, Cai Q L, Huang Q F, Li R Q, Tabata S, Cheng S F, Zhang S, Zhang S J, Huang S M, Sato S, Sun S L, Kwon S J, Choi S R, Lee T H, Fan W, Zhao X, Tan X, Xu X, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Yin Y, Li Y R, Du Y C, Liao Y C, Lim Y, Narusaka Y, Wang Y P, Wang Z Y, Li Z Y, Wang Z W, Xiong Z Y, Zhang Z H. The genome of the mesopolyploid crop speciesBrassica rapa. Nat Genet, 2011, 43: 1035-1039 |
| [44] | Liu S Y, Liu Y M, Yang X H, Tong C B, Edwards D, Parkin I A.P., Zhao M X, Ma J X, Yu J Y, Huang S M, Wang X Y, Wang J Y, Lu K, Fang Z Y, Bancroft I, Yang T, Hu Q, Wang X F, Yue Z, Li H J, Yang L F, Wu J, Zhou Q, Wang W X, King G J, Pires J C, Lu C X, Wu Z Y, Sampath P, Wang Z, Guo H, Pan S K, Yang L M, Zhang D, Jin D C, Li W S, Belcram H, Tu J X, Guan M, Qi C K, Du D Z, Li J N, Jiang L C, Batley J, Sharpe A G, Park B, Ruperao P, Cheng F, Waminal N E, Huang Y, Dong C H, Wang L, Li J P, Hu Z Y, Zhuang M, Huang Y, Huang J Y, Shi J Q, Mei D S, Liu J, Lee T, Wang J P, Jin H Z, Li Z Y, Li X, Zhang J F, Xiao L, Zhou Y M, Liu Z S, Liu X Q, Qin R, Tang X, Liu W B, Wang Y P, Zhang Y Y, Lee J , Kim H H, Denoeud F, Xu X, Liang X M, Hua W, Wang X W, Wang J, Chalhoub B, Paterson A H. The Brassica oleracea genome reveals the asymmetrical evolution of polyploidy genomes. Nat Commun, 2014, 5: 3930 |
| [45] | Chalhoub B, Denoeud F, Liu S, Parkin I A P, Tang H B, Wang X Y, Chiquet J, Belcram H, Tong C B, Samans B, Corréa, Silva C D, Just J, Falentin C, Koh C S, Clainche I L, Bernard M, Bento P, Noel B, Labadie K, Alberti A, Charles M, Arnaud D, Guo H, Daviaud C, Alamery S, Jabbari K, Zhao M X, Edger P P, Chelaifa H, Tack D, Lassalle G, Mestiri I, Schnel N, Paslier M L, Fan G Y, Renault V, Bayer P E, Golicz A A, Manoli S, Lee T, Thi V H D, Chalabi S, Hu Q, Fan C C, Tollenaere R, Lu Y H, Battail C, Shen J X, Sidebottom C H. D, Wang X F, Canaguier A, Chauveau A, Bérard A, Deniot G, Guan M, Liu Z S, Sun F M, Lim Y P, Lyons E, Town C D, Bancroft I, Wang X W, Meng J L, Ma J X, Pires J C, King G J, Brunel D, Delourme R, Renard M, Aury J, Adams K L, Batley J, Snowdon R J, Tost J, Ewards D, Zhou Y M, Hua W, Sharpe A G, Paterson A H, Guan C Y, Wincker P. Early allopolyploid evolution in the post-NeolithicBrassica napus oilseed genome. Science, 2014, 345: 950-953 |
| [46] | Xu G X, Guo C, Shan H Y, Kong H Z.Divergence of duplicate genes in exon-intron structure.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2012, 109: 1187-1192 |
| [47] | Rogozin I B, Sverdlov A V, Babenko V N, Koonin E V.Analysis of evolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes.Briefings Bioinform, 2005, 6: 118-134 |
| [48] | Johansson I, Karlsson M, Johanson U, Larsson C, Kjellbom P.The role of aquaporins in cellular and whole plant water balance.Biochim Biophys Acta, 2000, 1465: 324-342 |
| [49] | Volkert K, Debast S, Voll L M, Voll H, Schießl I, Hofmann J, Schneider S, Börnke F.Loss of the two major leaf isoforms of sucrose-phosphate synthase inArabidopsis thaliana limits sucrose synthesis and nocturnal starch degradation but does not alter carbon partitioning during photosynthesis. J Exp Bot, 2014, 65: 5217-5229 |
| [50] | Hirose T, Hashida Y, Aoki N, Okamura M, Yonekura M, Ohto C, Terao T, Ohsugi R.Analysis of gene-disruption mutants of a sucrose phosphate synthase gene in rise,OsSPS1, shows the importance of sucrose synthesis in pollen germination. Plant Sci, 2014, 225: 102-106 |
| [51] | Chen S, Hajirezaei M, Börnke F.Differential expression of sucrose-phosphate synthase isoenzymes in tobacco reflects their functional specialization during dark-governed starch mobilization in source leaves.Plant Physiol, 2005, 139: 1163-1174 |
| [52] | Lu K, Xiao Z C, Jian H J, Peng L, Qu C M, Fu M L, He B, Tie L M, Liang Y, Xu X F, Li J N.A combination of genome-wide association and transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes controlling harvest index-related traits inBrassica napus. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 36452 |
| [1] | 左同鸿, 张贺翠, 曾静, 朱利泉. 甘蓝自交不亲和相关基因BoPUB3L的克隆与表达分析[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(6): 1698-1710. |
| [2] | 胡赵, 钱润, 谢丰璞, 应素平. 水稻SPX基因家族鉴定及响应磷处理的表达分析[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(6): 1902-1912. |
| [3] | 田立涛, 丁宁, 王树林, 齐恩芳, 张荣, 王蕊蕊, 马利雯, 李建武, 杨江伟. 马铃薯Argonaute基因家族鉴定及晚疫病诱导表达分析[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(4): 1116-1126. |
| [4] | 杨宗桃, 杨婷, 王禹童, 艾静, 李燕烨, 刘家勇, 邓军, 赵勇, 张跃彬. 甘蔗CLC基因家族鉴定与表达分析[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(3): 722-734. |
| [5] | 孟成, 王哲. 玉米ZmPFK基因家族全基因组鉴定及响应胁迫表达分析[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(3): 764-779. |
| [6] | 马毅娜, 吴晓明玉, 李藕琪, 王圆, 陈丽, 张盈川, 赵伦, 文静, 傅廷栋, 沈金雄. Bna-miR1040-EIF3A模块调控油菜开花时间的功能研究[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(2): 349-362. |
| [7] | 张力岚, 杨军, 王让剑. 基于WGCNA发掘茶树糖苷类香气前体含量性状相关的候选基因[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(2): 494-513. |
| [8] | 王彬, 蒙姜宇, 邱浩良, 贺亚军, 钱伟. 甘蓝型油菜BnaDUF579基因家族的鉴定与表达模式分析[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(8): 2100-2110. |
| [9] | 郭腾达, 崔梦杰, 陈琳杰, 韩锁义, 郭敬坤, 吴晨迪, 付留洋, 黄冰艳, 董文召, 张新友. 花生磷脂酰肌醇转运蛋白基因AhSFH的克隆及其响应黄曲霉菌侵染的表达特征分析[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(6): 1489-1500. |
| [10] | 夏琦, 郭滢, 王坤美, 王思忆, 巨建业, 彭雅雯, 刘忠松, 夏石头. 甘蓝型油菜种子和种皮中水杨酸含量与原花色素积累的关系研究[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(5): 1189-1197. |
| [11] | 潘炬忠, 韦萍, 朱德平, 邵胜雪, 陈珊珊, 韦雅倩, 高维维. 水稻转录因子OsERF104的克隆和功能研究[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(4): 900-913. |
| [12] | 王晓琳, 刘忠松, 康雷, 杨柳. 甘蓝型油菜角果长度和每角粒数基因定位以及角果皮转录组动态分析[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(4): 888-899. |
| [13] | 张琴, 戴成, 马朝芝. 生长素响应报告基因转化甘蓝型油菜及各组织GUS动态信号分析[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(3): 667-675. |
| [14] | 孙程明, 周晓婴, 陈锋, 张维, 王晓东, 彭琦, 郭月, 高建芹, 胡茂龙, 付三雄, 张洁夫. 长链非编码RNA (lncRNA)在甘蓝型油菜分枝角度调控中的功能分析与预测[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(3): 559-567. |
| [15] | 黄绒, 周渠晨, 陈楚铭, 罗倩, 易东, 杜常欢, 黄祥宇, 盛锋, 杜雪竹. 过表达BnNRT2.3-like对油菜氮素吸收利用及产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(12): 3184-3197. |
|
||