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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (6): 1488-1501.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14087

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

甘蓝型油菜耐低氮种质筛选及绿肥应用潜力评价

秦璐1**(), 韩配配2**(), 常海滨3, 顾炽明1, 黄威3, 李银水1, 廖祥生1, 谢立华1, 廖星1,*()   

  1. 1中国农业科学院油料作物研究所 / 农业农村部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430062
    2江苏沿海地区农业科学研究所, 江苏盐城 224002
    3黄冈市农业科学院, 湖北黄冈 438000
  • 收稿日期:2021-05-14 接受日期:2021-10-19 出版日期:2022-06-12 网络出版日期:2021-11-18
  • 通讯作者: 廖星
  • 作者简介:秦璐, E-mail: qinlu-123@126.com;
    韩配配, E-mail: hanpeipei123@126.com第一联系人：

    ** 同等贡献

  • 基金资助:
    财政部和农业农村部: 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-22);中国农业科学院科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2013-OCRI)

Screening of rapeseed germplasms with low nitrogen tolerance and the evaluation of its potential application as green manure

QIN Lu1**(), HAN Pei-Pei2**(), CHANG Hai-Bin3, GU Chi-Ming1, HUANG Wei3, LI Yin-Shui1, LIAO Xiang-Sheng1, XIE Li-Hua1, LIAO Xing1,*()   

  1. 1Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
    2Institute of Agriculture Science in Jiangsu Coastal Area, Yancheng 224002, Jiangsu, China
    3Huanggang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanggang 438000, Hubei, China
  • Received:2021-05-14 Accepted:2021-10-19 Published:2022-06-12 Published online:2021-11-18
  • Contact: LIAO Xing
  • About author:First author contact:

    ** Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2013-OCRI)

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摘要：

甘蓝型油菜(以下简称: 油菜)是我国主要食用油料作物, 也是一种用地养地、轮作休耕作物。在农业绿色发展理念的推动下, 油菜由于具有生物量大、适应性广等特点, 其绿肥应用价值突显。由于油菜栽培产业目标的不同, 现有主栽油菜品种营养需求特征决定其需要较高的推荐施肥水平, 不能更好实现油菜绿肥应用“小肥换大肥”的产业目标。因此, 评价油菜耐低氮胁迫能力、筛选低氮高效油菜种质, 可为绿肥应用专用型油菜品种的选育提供材料支撑。本研究以73份油菜种质资源作为供试材料, 通过田间试验设置低氮和正常施氮2个处理, 以盛花期生物量、植株氮累积量、耐性指数等为指标对供试材料绿肥应用潜力进行综合评价。结果显示, 盛花期低氮处理下73份油菜种质单株鲜重变化幅度为29.33~199.33 g, 变异系数30.0%; 油菜单株地上部和根部氮累积量变化幅度分别为48.67~360.43 mg和4.21~67.46 mg, 变异系数分别为31.0%和53.0%。由此可见, 盛花期单株鲜重和养分吸收累积能力在供试油菜种质间存在着一定的遗传变异, 优选绿肥性状优异的油菜种质资源具有可行性。通过分析不同油菜种质盛花期氮效率综合值和耐性指数可知, 73份油菜种质中有25份属于耐低氮型的种质低氮胁迫耐受能力相对较强, 17份属于低氮敏感型的种质低氮胁迫耐受能力相对较差。进一步分析发现, 耐低氮种质在不同氮处理下单株鲜重、氮累积量及氮吸收效率均显著高于低氮敏感型种质, 适宜作为潜在绿肥资源应用, 耐低氮油菜种质氮还田量最高可达80.2 kg hm-2。综上, 本研究优选的耐低氮种质可作为潜在绿肥专用型油菜资源进行储备和应用, 在实际生产中耐低氮油菜作为绿肥应用可适当减少化肥投入, 以更好实现绿肥“小肥换大肥”的产业应用目标。

关键词: 甘蓝型油菜, 耐低氮, 种质筛选, 绿肥, 鲜重, 氮累积量

Abstract:

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the major edible oil crop in China, and it is also a kind of crop for land use and maintenance, crop rotation, and fallow. With the promotion of green development in agriculture, rapeseed is highlighted with its high quality as green manure due to the characteristics of great biomass and adaptability. For the different industrial objectives of rapeseed cultivation, the nutrient demand characteristics of the existing rapeseed varieties determine the high recommended fertilization levels, whereas it cannot meet the needs of green manure with low fertilizer input. Therefore, the evaluation and screening of rapeseed germplasms with low nitrogen (N) tolerance can provide material support for breeding rapeseed cultivars as green manure. In this study, 73 rapeseed germplasms were planted at two N levels (low N and normal N) in the field experiment, the potential application as green manure of different rapeseed germplasms were evaluated by fresh weight, nutrient accumulation, and tolerance index at full flowering stage. Results showed that the change of fresh weight per plant for 73 rapeseed germplasms under low N conditions ranged from 29.33 g to 199.33 g, and the variation coefficient was 30.0%. Meanwhile, under low N stress, the change of N accumulation in shoot and root of 73 rapeseed germplasms were ranged from 48.67-360.43 mg and 4.21-67.46 mg per plant, and the variation coefficient were 31.0% and 53.0%, respectively. This mean that there were certain genetic variations biomass and nutrient absorption and accumulation ability among different rapeseed germplasms. Therefore, it was feasible to select the rapeseed germplasm with superior advantages as green manure. According to the comprehensive analysis of N efficiency and tolerance index of different rapeseed germplasms at full-bloom stage, 25 of 73 rapeseed germplasms had relatively strong tolerance to low N, while 17 germplasms had relatively poor tolerance to low N, belonging to low N sensitive type. Further analysis revealed that the fresh weight per plant, N accumulation, and N uptake efficiency of low N tolerance germplasms were significantly greater than those of low N sensitive germplasms under two N treatments, it could be used as potential green manure for further application. According to the calculation, the maximum amount of N returned to the field in the low N tolerance rapeseed germplasm was 80.2 kg hm-2. Above all, the selected germplasms with great low N tolerance could be used as potential green manure rapeseed resources to be reserved and applied. In actual production, to better realize the industrial application goal of “the few fertilizers convert into the more green manure”, the application of low N tolerant rapeseed as green fertilizer can reduce the input of chemical fertilizer.

Key words: rapeseed, low nitrogen tolerance, germplasms screening, green manure, fresh weight, nitrogen accumulation amount

表1

供试油菜种质及编号"

编号
Number		 种质
Germplasm		 编号
Number		 种质
Germplasm		 编号
Number		 种质
Germplasm
N01 镇2736 Zhen 2736 N26 1L086 N51 1L094
N02 浙双3号Zheshuang 3 N27 1L097 N52 1L096
N03 泸州5号Luzhou 5 N28 1L138 N53 1L116
N04 宜油3号Yiyou 3 N29 1L150 N54 1L465
N05 云油7号Yunyou 7 N30 1L157 N55 4D628
N06 4D333 N31 1L198 N56 L228
N07 4D359 N32 1L203 N57 Altex
N08 4D386 N33 1L247 N58 甘油4号Ganyou 4
N09 漕油2号Caoyou 2 N34 1L285 N59 云油7号Yunyou 7
N10 浙优油1号Zheyouyou 1 N35 1L287 N60 H47
N11 甘油5号Ganyou 5 N36 1L453 N61 H41
N12 岳阳84-8 Yueyang 84-8 N37 4092 N62 320
N13 408-8 N38 50-SWU100 N63 862
N14 恩油2号Enyou 2 N39 1L053 N64 绵杂94-13 Mianza 94-13
N15 凯油1号Kaiyou 1 N40 L228 N65 宠马 Chongma
N16 绵杂94-13 Mianza 94-13 N41 马努 Manu N66 沪油19 Huyou 19
N17 182-甲920 182-Jia 920 N42 Sedo-10 N67 阳光2008 Yangguang 2008
N18 186-甲预31棚186-Jiayu 31 peng N43 P17 N68 1L021
N19 294-12-P25 N44 GSB604 N69 1L023
N20 51-SWU102 N45 圣光77 Shengguang 77 N70 1L098
N21 52-SWU103 N46 68232 N71 1L159
N22 57-SWU111 N47 124-2012-8998 N72 1L451
N23 132-WH-29 N48 129-2012-9542 N73 1L459
N24 201-Y34 N49 165-WH-31
N25 1L050 N50 1L076

表2

不同供氮条件下油菜种质盛花期性状指标的变化"

参数
Parameter		 低氮 Low nitrogen 正常氮 Normal nitrogen
变幅
Range		 平均值
Average		 标准差
SD		 变异系数
CV (%)		 变幅
Range		 平均值
Average		 标准差
SD		 变异系数
CV (%)
单株鲜重FB (g) 29.33-199.33 114.61 bB 34.86 30.41 91.33-378.67 212.85 aA 55.61 26.13
单株干重PB (g) 5.13-32.80 17.87 bB 5.61 31.41 11.23-46.60 27.40 aA 7.47 27.25
单株地下部干重RB (g) 0.83-6.40 3.24 bA 1.15 35.59 1.60-11.98 4.27 aA 1.59 37.39
单株地上部干重SB (g) 4.30-27.81 14.03 bB 4.66 33.19 9.57-37.87 23.43 aA 5.81 24.80
根冠比RSR 0.15-0.47 0.24 aA 0.06 23.36 0.11-0.71 0.18 bA 0.07 39.05
地下部氮含量RNC (%) 0.28-2.02 0.49 bA 0.22 44.79 0.40-1.25 0.64 aA 0.17 26.45
地上部氮含量SNC (%) 0.90-2.81 1.39 bA 0.31 22.53 1.07-2.62 1.75 aA 0.32 18.21
单株地下部氮累积量RNA (mg) 4.21-67.46 15.65 bB 8.29 52.99 11.48-61.70 24.73 aA 9.23 37.34
单株地上部氮累积量SNA (mg) 48.67-360.43 193.62 bB 60.88 31.44 143.66-697.85 402.24 aA 115.89 28.81
单株氮累积量NA (mg) 52.88-427.88 207.30 bB 65.68 31.68 162.60-722.82 432.14 aA 124.94 28.91
氮利用效率NUE (mg mg-1) 41.77-128.26 87.00 aA 18.96 21.79 41.97-104.96 66.33 bA 13.38 20.16
氮吸收效率NAE (mg mg-1) 0.01-0.12 0.06 bB 0.02 31.68 0.11-0.48 0.29 aA 0.91 28.91

图1

不同供氮水平下油菜种质盛花期各性状指标相关性分析 *和**分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平相关性显著。FB: 单株鲜重(g); PB: 单株干重(g); RB: 单株地下部干重(g); SB: 单株地上部干重(g); RSR: 根冠比; RNC: 地下部氮含量(%); SNC: 地上部氮含量(%); RNA: 单株地下部氮累积量(mg); SNA: 单株地上部氮累积量(mg); NA: 单株氮累积量(mg); NUE: 氮利用效率(mg mg-1); NAE: 氮吸收效率(mg mg-1)。"

表3

不同供氮条件下油菜种质盛花期各综合指标载荷系数及累计贡献率"

参数
Parameter		 低氮 Low nitrogen 正常氮 Normal nitrogen
主成分1
PC 1		 主成分2
PC 2		 主成分3
PC 3		 主成分1
PC 1		 主成分2
PC 2		 主成分3
PC 3		 主成分4
PC 4
单株鲜重FB 0.849 -0.411 0.030 0.833 0.260 -0.248 0.161
单株干重PB 0.886 -0.387 0.000 0.786 0.443 0.196 -0.072
单株地下部干重RB 0.828 -0.316 0.384 0.696 0.336 0.600 -0.164
单株地上部干重SB 0.891 -0.381 -0.154 0.859 0.355 -0.310 0.022
根冠比RSR -0.006 0.138 0.957 0.169 0.129 0.931 -0.264
地下部氮含量RNC 0.178 0.764 0.037 -0.383 -0.248 0.367 0.737
地上部氮含量SNC 0.028 0.903 0.030 0.346 -0.841 0.230 -0.146
单株地下部氮累积量RNA 0.652 0.483 0.231 0.581 0.188 0.302 0.611
单株地上部氮累积量SNA 0.890 0.315 -0.177 0.931 -0.264 -0.118 -0.031
单株氮累积量NA 0.916 0.339 -0.119 0.932 -0.276 -0.169 0.042
氮利用效率NUE 0.102 -0.890 0.100 -0.322 0.873 -0.147 0.037
氮吸收效率NAE 0.915 0.345 -0.111 0.934 -0.273 -0.162 0.045
特征值Eigenvalue 5.923 3.339 1.211 5.878 2.305 1.793 1.072
方差贡献率VCR (%) 49.357 27.839 10.090 48.985 19.211 14.943 8.932
累计贡献率CP (%) 49.357 77.196 87.286 48.985 68.195 83.138 92.071

表4

不同供氮条件下油菜种质盛花期氮效率综合值和耐性指数"

编号
Number		 氮效率综合值
N efficiency comprehensive value		 耐性指数Tolerance index 编号
Number		 氮效率综合值
N efficiency comprehensive value		 耐性指数Tolerance
index
LN NN LN NN
N01 0.53 0.25 0.54 N38 0.32 0.28 0.42
N02 0.42 0.12 0.47 N39 0.35 0.30 0.81
N03 0.46 0.25 0.45 N40 0.35 0.18 0.59
N04 0.56 0.23 0.63 N41 0.38 0.15 0.39
N05 0.50 0.26 0.92 N42 0.49 0.09 0.44
N06 0.70 0.37 1.33 N43 0.40 0.15 0.50
N07 0.46 0.22 0.73 N44 0.38 0.18 0.22
N08 0.55 0.26 0.71 N45 0.59 0.16 0.46
N09 0.54 0.25 0.95 N46 0.40 0.17 0.54
N10 0.33 0.29 0.63 N47 0.42 0.11 0.46
N11 0.61 0.22 0.65 N48 0.41 0.16 0.62
N12 0.33 0.13 0.32 N49 0.39 0.12 0.57
N13 0.32 0.21 0.54 N50 0.49 0.12 0.62
N14 0.56 0.17 0.77 N51 0.48 0.10 0.46
N15 0.47 0.33 0.71 N52 0.53 0.25 0.62
N16 0.32 0.27 0.81 N53 0.57 0.25 0.98
N17 0.62 0.21 0.66 N54 0.47 0.11 0.82
N18 0.45 0.21 0.78 N55 0.64 0.21 0.76
N19 0.54 0.23 1.06 N56 0.42 0.17 0.60
N20 0.35 0.16 0.50 N57 0.50 0.28 1.10
N21 0.32 0.13 0.42 N58 0.39 0.09 0.31
N22 0.36 0.22 0.51 N59 0.24 0.08 0.21
N23 0.38 0.19 0.68 N60 0.31 0.00 0.18
N24 0.32 0.24 0.72 N61 0.32 0.14 0.45
N25 0.46 0.17 0.48 N62 0.82 0.16 0.47
N26 0.56 0.32 0.70 N63 0.25 0.09 0.43
N27 0.35 0.21 0.60 N64 0.53 0.20 0.39
N28 0.34 0.32 0.53 N65 0.19 0.12 0.25
N29 0.40 0.26 0.47 N66 0.55 0.24 0.64
N30 0.50 0.21 0.60 N67 0.18 0.39 0.60
N31 0.29 0.20 0.39 N68 0.16 0.09 0.17
N32 0.36 0.25 0.43 N69 0.22 0.19 0.25
N33 0.34 0.20 0.47 N70 0.13 0.14 0.15
N34 0.35 0.28 0.58 N71 0.12 0.06 0.13
N35 0.31 0.21 0.46 N72 0.24 0.08 0.17
N36 0.30 0.29 0.44 N73 0.06 0.05 0.07
N37 0.45 0.36 0.74 平均值Average 0.41 0.20 0.55

图2

不同供氮水平下各油菜种质盛花期氮综合效率值散点图 第I类种质包括: N10、N13、N16、N22、N24、N27、N28、N29、N31、N32、N33、N34、N35、N36、N38、N39、N67。第II类种质包括: N01、N03、N04、N05、N06、N07、N08、N09、N11、N15、N17、N18、N19、N26、N30、N37、N52、N53、N55、N56、N57、N64、N66。第III类种质包括: N14、N25、N42、N43、N45、N46、N47、N48、N49、N50、N51、N54、N62。第Ⅳ类种质包括: N02、N12、N20、N21、N23、N40、N41、N44、N58、N59、N60、N61、N63、N65、N68、N69、N70、N71、N72、N73。LN: 低氮; NN: 正常氮。"

图3

不同油菜种质盛花期耐性指数聚类分析 强耐瘠型种质(耐低氮能力最强): N05、N06、N09、N19、N53、N57。耐瘠型种质(耐低氮能力次之): N04、N07、N08、N10、N11、N14、N15、N16、N17、N18、N23、N24、N26、N27、N30、N34、N37、N39、N40、N48、N49、N50、N52、N54、N55、N56、N66、N67。敏感型种质(耐低氮能力较差): N01、N02、N03、N13、N20、N21、N22、N25、N28、N29、N31、N32、N33、N35、N36、N38、N41、N42、N43、N45、N46、N47、N51、N61、N62、 N63、N64。强敏感型种质(耐低氮能力最差): N12、N44、N58、N59、N60、N65、N68、N69、N70、N71、N72、N73。"

图4

耐低氮差异油菜种质氮效率比较 LN: 低氮; NN: 正常氮。"

表5

不同供氮条件下耐低氮油菜种质鲜草产量及氮、磷、钾养分还田量"

编号
Number		 低氮 Low nitrogen 正常氮 Normal nitrogen
鲜草产量
Fresh biomass
(t hm-2)		 氮还田量
N amount of returning field
(kg hm-2)		 磷还田量
P amount of returning field
(kg hm-2)		 钾还田量
K amount of returning field
(kg hm-2)		 鲜草产量
Fresh biomass
(t hm-2)		 氮还田量
N amount of returning field
(kg hm-2)		 磷还田量
P amount of returning field
(kg hm-2)		 钾还田量
K amount of returning field
(kg hm-2)
N04 23.59 80.20 12.90 99.73 53.38 115.23 27.35 212.69
N05 32.13 68.88 16.72 101.72 53.65 133.74 28.73 204.02
N06 41.20 75.95 19.33 127.61 65.40 121.92 26.04 251.65
N07 30.55 49.93 15.31 128.62 51.13 122.00 26.80 175.94
N08 32.33 73.09 17.68 122.41 50.23 112.59 23.10 182.21
N09 33.60 59.65 16.64 102.75 56.23 107.02 16.99 179.72
N11 30.60 70.21 12.32 108.21 48.90 109.48 23.91 163.10
N14 35.51 61.92 16.51 113.76 49.50 147.98 32.20 188.30
N15 27.53 41.18 16.09 99.64 59.29 138.52 27.95 227.01
N17 30.60 33.91 9.85 83.14 61.05 95.74 17.95 191.18
N18 31.68 49.65 13.75 94.12 56.20 93.96 28.37 256.66
N19 36.45 56.60 19.59 163.96 50.73 95.56 18.50 231.58
N26 26.75 63.63 12.57 83.93 62.10 118.03 21.95 197.50
N30 28.10 57.80 12.39 78.23 57.33 108.64 18.36 202.12
N37 22.48 51.73 11.09 65.95 50.90 134.00 25.60 252.08
N48 25.35 44.57 13.98 117.08 32.08 85.84 17.64 145.97
N49 30.65 40.96 14.55 123.68 40.43 76.79 21.13 194.22
N50 33.55 52.54 16.91 122.81 42.48 86.82 17.17 142.96
N52 32.85 62.59 14.02 96.44 39.90 132.49 19.27 196.75
N53 36.35 59.92 19.04 130.05 39.15 80.41 18.82 168.39
N54 25.53 50.41 12.89 112.25 49.25 114.33 21.83 255.93
N55 44.85 62.82 18.70 126.46 50.13 95.35 18.23 190.19
N56 35.10 47.80 10.68 95.86 45.43 86.14 14.92 210.12
N57 38.33 51.82 13.61 144.14 45.75 121.75 32.13 348.49
N66 29.40 64.67 13.51 105.86 46.73 110.00 18.11 176.50
变幅Range 22.48-44.85 33.91-80.20 9.85-19.59 65.95-163.96 32.08-65.40 76.79-147.98 14.92-32.20 142.96-348.49
均值Average 31.80 57.30 14.83 109.99 50.29 109.77 22.52 205.81
标准差 SD 5.32 11.51 2.79 21.72 7.88 19.37 5.06 43.63
变异系数CV (%) 16.74 20.09 18.79 19.76 15.66 17.65 22.46 21.20
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