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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 876-885.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00876

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

绿洲灌区一膜覆两年玉米的节水潜力

张乃旭1,2,赵财2,赵良霞2,蔡莉娟2,王一帆2,柴强2,*()   

  1. 1 甘肃农业大学资源与环境学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
    2 甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学资源与环境学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2017-11-19 接受日期:2018-03-26 出版日期:2018-06-12 网络出版日期:2018-04-16
  • 通讯作者: 柴强
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503125-3);国家科技支撑计划项目资助(2015BAD22B04-03)

Water-saving Potential for Biennial Mulched Corn with Same Plastic Film in Oasis Irrigation Area

Nai-Xu ZHANG1,2,Cai ZHAO2,Liang-Xia ZHAO2,Li-Juan CAI2,Yi-Fan WANG2,Qiang CHAI2,*()   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environmental Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    2 Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Resources and Environmental Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2017-11-19 Accepted:2018-03-26 Published:2018-06-12 Published online:2018-04-16
  • Contact: Qiang CHAI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the China Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201503125-3);the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2015BAD22B04-03)

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摘要：

西北绿洲灌区以传统覆膜方式为主的农业节水措施受水资源不足和白色地膜污染的挑战日益加剧, 地膜减量节水技术研究亟待开展。2014—2016年, 在河西绿洲灌区进行田间试验, 重点探讨不同灌水水平下, 一膜覆两年(RM)处理、少耕覆膜(RtM)和传统覆膜(CM)对玉米农田耗水特征和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明, RM和RtM相对于CM均能显著提高玉米播前土壤贮水量, 3年平均增加41.7 mm和31.6 mm (提高15.9%和12.1%)。玉米播种到拔节初期(全生育期前40 d), 灌水水平相同时, RM较RtM和CM降低了耗水量但增加了棵间蒸发量, 且棵间蒸发量/耗水量(E/ET)显著增大, 相反从玉米拔节初期到收获期, RM的E/ET较CM降低13.2%, 即RM有利于减少玉米生育后期的无效耗水量, RtM与CM则无显著差异。灌水水平相同时, RtM水分利用效率最优, RM与CM之间无显著差异。相同覆膜方式下, 中灌水水平玉米的WUE最高, RM与CM整个生育期内的耗水量、棵间蒸发量及E/ET均无显著差异, 表明一膜覆两年具有传统覆膜方式节水增效的优点。因此, 在河西绿洲溉区, 一膜覆两年具有与每年翻耕覆新膜同等的水分利用效果, 是试验区可推广的节水、地膜减量生产技术。

关键词: 覆膜方式, 灌水量, 耗水量, 棵间蒸发量, E/ET, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

The agricultural water-saving measures in Northwest oasis irrigation areas are mainly mulching with traditional plastic film. This process is increasingly challenged by lack of water resources and increasing environment pollution from the white plastic film. Therefore, reducing the plastic film use and identifying innovative water-saving technologies need to be carried out urgently. The experiment was conducted to explore the effects of conventional plastic film mulching (CM), plastic film mulching with reduced tillage (RtM) and plastic film re-mulching for two years (RM) under different irrigation levels on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency (WUE) in the Hexi corridor oasis zone in 2014-2016. Both RM and RtM relative to CM could significantly increase soil water storage before sowing, respectively increasing 41.7 mm and 31.6 mm (15.9% and 12.1%) on average in three years. From corn seeding to early jointing stages (the first 40 days of the plants’ life cycle), under the same irrigation level, the water consumption of RM decreased, compared with that of RtM and CM, but the ground evaporation between plants increased. Also, there was a significant increase for soil evaporation/water consumption (E/ET). On the contrary, from early stage of corn jointing to harvesting stage, RM decreased E/ET by 13.2%, compared with CM, showing that RM is beneficial to reduce the useless water consumption in the later stage of corn production. There was no significant difference on E/ET between RtM and CM. When the water level was the same, the water use efficiency was the best in RtM and no significant difference between RM and CM. Under the same film mulching mode, the WUE of the middle water level irrigated maize was the highest, and there was no significant difference in water consumption, evaporation and E/ET between RM and CM during the whole growth period, indicating that RM is just like CM having the advantage of water saving and increasing efficiency. The research indicate that the biennial mulching shares the same water use outcome with the traditional annual mulching in Hexi oasis irrigation area, which could be adopted in the trial areas to save water and reduce the application of plastic film.

Key words: film mulching, irrigation quota, water consumption, soil evaporation, E/ET, water use efficiency

表1

不同覆盖处理设计和实施方法"

处理
Treatment		 说明
Description
传统覆膜
Conventional plastic film mulching, CM		 预备试验收获后深翻耕, 预备试验后第1年播前揭去旧膜, 耙磨覆新膜并播种, 收获后深翻耕, 其后年份播法不变。
Deep plowing after harvest in preliminary test. After the preliminary test, in first year the plastic film was removed, the land was tilled and leveled with mulching before maize sowing, deep plowing after harvest. The method of sowing in subsequent years was unchanged.
少耕覆膜
Plastic film mulching with reduced tillage, RtM		 预备试验收获后免耕, 预备试验后第1年播前揭去旧膜, 旋耕覆新膜, 收获后免耕, 第2年直接在旧膜播种玉米, 收获后免耕。第3年播法同第1年。
No-tillage after harvest in preliminary experiment. The old film was removed before sowing in the first year after the preliminary test, the new film was covered after rotary tillage, and no-tillage was conducted after harvest. In the second year, corn was sown directly on the old film, and no-tillage was conducted after harvest. The sowing method was the same in the third years as in the first years.
一膜两年覆盖
Plastic film re-mulching for two years, RM		 预备试验收获后免耕, 预备试验后第1年直接在旧膜上播种玉米, 收获后免耕。第2年播前揭去旧膜, 旋耕覆新膜, 收获后免耕。第3年播法同第1年。
No-tillage was conducted after harvest in preliminary test, corn was planted directly on old film in the first year after preliminary test. The old film was removed before sowing in the second year, the new film was covered after rotary tillage, and no-tillage was carried out after harvesting. The sowing method was the same in the third years as in the first years.

表2

灌溉制度"

处理
Treatment		 苗期
Seeding		 拔节期
Jointing		 大喇叭口期
Big trumpet		 开花期
Flower		 灌浆期
Filling		 灌溉总额
Irrigation quota
低灌水水平 Low irrigation level, I1 90 90 90 90 90 450
中灌水水平 Moderate irrigation level, I2 90 105 105 105 90 495
高灌水水平 High irrigation level, I3 90 120 120 120 90 540

图1

不同覆膜方式下玉米播前的土壤贮水量 同一年度中, 各处理间存在显著差异(P < 0.05)用不同字母表示。处理代号见表1。"

表3

不同覆膜方式和灌水处理下玉米各生育阶段的耗水量差异"

处理
Treatment		 玉米生长阶段 Growth stage of maize (month/day)
4/24-5/13 5/14-6/3 6/4-6/22 6/23-7/12 7/13-8/3 8/4-8/23 8/24-9/13
RMI1 46.3 e 63.9 e 99.4 b 109.3 c 105.3 c 99.5 d 86.5 bc
RtMI1 50.4 d 62.0 e 91.6 c 106.5 c 103.0 c 98.2 e 83.1 c
CMI1 52.8 d 67.3 d 89.2 c 103.1 c 103.5 c 95.7 e 83.6 c
RMI2 51.9 d 74.8 b 103.2 ab 118.3 ab 114.1 ab 110.0 bc 91.3 b
RtMI2 57.5 c 70.6 cd 100.6 b 115.8 ab 118.3 ab 107.8 c 88.9 bd
CMI2 60.7 c 76.5 b 99.4 b 114.5 b 111.0 b 105.6 c 88.2 bc
RMI3 59.5 c 76.4 b 108.5 a 124.0 a 117.1 a 123.7 a 97.1 a
RtMI3 65.2 b 74.1 b 107.8 a 125.9 a 117.8 a 115.0 b 92.8 ab
CMI3 70.1 a 80.2 a 108.6 a 121.0 a 117.7 a 115.5 b 91.9 ab

图2

不同覆膜方式和灌水水平下玉米全生育期总耗水量 同一年度中, 各处理间存在显著差异(P < 0.05)用不同字母表示。处理代号见表1, 灌水水平代号见表2。"

图3

覆盖和灌水处理下玉米全生育期日棵间蒸发动态 处理代号见表1, 灌水水平代号见表2。"

图4

不同覆膜方式和灌水处理总棵间蒸发量 同一年度中, 各处理间存在显著差异(P < 0.05)用不同字母表示。处理代号见表1, 灌水水平代号见表2。"

表4

不同覆膜方式及灌水水平下玉米耗水结构(E/ET)"

因素及互作
Main factors and interaction		 玉米生长阶段 Growth stage of maize (month/day) 总耗水结构 Total E/ET
4/28-5/19 5/20-6/10 6/11-7/1 7/2-7/22 7/23-8/12 8/13-9/2 9/3-9/22
地膜覆盖方式×灌水量 P×I
RM 低 Low 27.8 a 29.4 d 14.1 d 11.5 c 10.8 d 8.4 d 10.1 d 14.3 a
RtM 低 Low 26.0 b 27.3 f 16.4 ab 12.7 b 12.2 abc 8.7 cd 11.2 c 14.8 cd
CM 低 Low 23.6 e 27.9 ef 14.9 cd 12.6 b 12.7 a 9.4 bc 12.0 c 14.5 a
RM 中 Moderate 25.8 a 31.6 bc 14.8 cd 11.8 c 11.7 bc 8.8 cd 11.5 c 15.4 bc
RtM 中 Moderate 25.4 c 31.3 c 16.5 ab 12.9 b 12.3 abc 9.6 bc 13.1 b 15.9 ab
CM 中 Moderate 24.7 d 28.9 d 15.6 bc 13.7 a 12.3 ab 10.2 ab 13.5 b 15.7 ab
RM 高 High 27.2 a 32.3 ab 15.7 bc 12.2 bc 11.4 cd 8.9 cd 12 .0 c 15.9 ab
RtM 高 High 23.9 e 32.9 a 17.2 a 13.0 ab 12.7 a 10.1 ab 13.9 b 16.6 a
CM 高 High 22.4 f 28.7 de 16.2 b 13.8 a 12.6 a 10.6 a 15.4 a 16.2 ab
地膜覆盖方式 Plastic film mulching (P) ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS
灌水量 Irrigation level (I) ** ** ** * NS ** ** **
地膜覆盖方式×灌水量 P×I ** ** NS NS NS NS NS NS

图5

不同覆膜方式及灌水水平下水分利用效率 同一年度中, 各处理间存在显著差异(P < 0.05)用不同字母表示。处理代号见表1, 灌水水平代号见表2。"

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