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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (7): 1032-1042.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01032

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

玉米密植群体下部叶片衰老对植株碳氮分配与产量形成的影响

李荣发,刘鹏,杨清龙,任昊,董树亭,张吉旺,赵斌   

  1. 山东农业大学农学院 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
  • 收稿日期:2017-11-14 接受日期:2018-03-20 出版日期:2018-07-10 网络出版日期:2018-04-09
  • 通讯作者: 刘鹏
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300106), 山东省现代农业产业技术体系项目(SDAIT-02-08), 国家自然科学基金项目(31771713, 37011576)和国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-20)资助

Effects of Lower Leaf Senescence on Carbon and Nitrogen Distribution and Yield Formation in Maize (Zea mays L.) with High Planting Density

Rong-Fa LI,Peng LIU,Qing-Long YANG,Hao REN,Shu-Ting DONG,Ji-Wang ZHANG,Bin ZHAO   

  1. Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’ an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2017-11-14 Accepted:2018-03-20 Published:2018-07-10 Published online:2018-04-09
  • Contact: Peng LIU
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan (2016YFD0300106), the Shandong Modern Agricultural Industry Technical System Project (SDAIT-02-08), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31771713, 37011576), and the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02-20).

摘要:

玉米密植会造成花后下部叶片早衰, 为探明其对植株根系性能、碳氮积累分配及产量形成的影响, 采用大田与土柱栽培相结合的方式, 以登海661和郑单958为试材, 分析了密植条件下两品种花后碳氮分配、根系性能和植株干物质积累量的变化。两年结果表明, 玉米密植群体下部叶片早衰导致两品种花后穗位叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率显著降低, 向根系转运的光合产物数量显著减少, 成熟期(R6)的根系生物量、根长密度和根系表面积较CK显著减少。根系性能的下降导致花后氮素吸收量显著降低, 叶片光合速率降低、整株叶片衰老进程加快, 单株籽粒产量显著下降, 登海661较CK低7.61%, 郑单958较CK低8.35%。郑单958的花后叶片衰老要早于登海661, 且叶面积和净光合速率比登海661低, 导致花后干物质积累量和产量较登海661显著降低。可见玉米密植群体花后下部叶片衰老加速了根系衰老, 降低了氮素吸收量, 影响整株绿叶面积和光合持续期, 最终导致花后干物质积累量和籽粒产量降低。

关键词: 下部叶片衰老, 夏玉米, 碳氮分配, 根系性能

Abstract:

Increasing the population density accelerates the senescence of lower leaves, affecting carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) partitioning in maize (Zea mays L.), and also influencing N uptake by roots after silking. We used the maize varieties Denghai 661 and Zhengdan 958 in field and soil column experiments to analyse of changed of C and N distribution, root system function and plant dry matter accumulation in high plant density at post-silking. The chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of the ear leaf showed a significant decrease. Compared with CK, Denghai 661, and Zhengdan 958 decreased the photosynthetic translocation from at lower leaves to roots. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were also negatively affected post-silking. The reduction of root function significantly reduced nitrogen uptake and leaf photosynthetic rate and leading to accelerate leaf senescence process at post-silking. Grain yield decreased 7.61% in Denghai 661 and 8.35% in Zhengdan 958. Zhengdan 958 had earlier leaf senescence, lower leaf area and net photosynthetic rate than Denghai 661, significantly decreasing dry matter accumulation and yield. In conclusion, lower leaf senescence accelerates root senescence, decreases nitrogen uptake, whole plant green leaves area and photosynthetic duration, eventually reduced dry matter accumulation and yield.

Key words: lower leaves senescence, summer maize, carbon and nitrogen distribution, root capability

表1

播种前0~20 cm土层土壤养分含量"

年份
Year
有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)
全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)
碱解氮
Alkaline-hydrolytic N (mg kg-1)
速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)
速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
201511.361.1056.3526.17106.84
201611.071.0552.3626.37104.28

图1

不同处理对夏玉米干物质积累量的影响"

图2

不同处理对夏玉米花后叶面积的影响 R1: 吐丝期; R3: 乳熟期; R5: 蜡熟期。其他缩写同表2。"

表2

不同处理对玉米籽粒产量及产量构成因素的影响"

年份
Year
品种
Variety
处理
Treatment
单株籽粒产量
Grain yield per plant
(g plant-1)
穗粒数
Grain number
(ear-1)
千粒重
1000-kernel weight
(g)
2015登海661
DH661
CK159.1 c456.1 e349.0 a
S-1/2143.4 d431.4 f332.3 a
郑单958
ZD958
CK159.8 c481.7 d332.1 a
S-1/2140.8 d414.2 f340.1 a
2016登海661
DH661

郑单958
ZD958
CK175.6 a577.5 a304.0 b
S-1/2166.2 b546.3 b306.2 b
CK168.7 b521.2 c312.7 b
S-1/2159.7 c505.4 c314.9 b
年份 Year (Y)******
品种 Variety (V)****NS
处理 Treatment (T)****NS
年份×品种 Y × V****NS
年份×处理 Y × T***NS
品种×处理 V × TNSNSNS
年份×品种×处理Y × V × TNS**NS

图3

不同处理对夏玉米花后叶绿素含量的影响 R1: 吐丝期; R3: 乳熟期; R5: 蜡熟期。其他缩写同表2。"

图4

不同处理对夏玉米花后净光合速率的影响 R1: 吐丝期; R3: 乳熟期; R5: 蜡熟期。其他缩写同表2。"

表3

不同处理对夏玉米花后13C分配的影响"

年份
Year
品种
Variety
处理
Treatment
13C分配 13C distribution (%)
根 Root茎 Stalk叶 Leaf粒 Grain
2015登海661
DH661
CK7.33 e31.84 d13.38 a47.44 c
S-1/26.28 g31.22 d11.30 b51.36 a
郑单958
ZD958
CK6.90 f34.67 b13.18 a45.25 d
S-1/25.36 h37.37 a10.24 c47.03 c
2016登海661
DH661
CK9.90 a28.80 e10.32 c50.97 a
S-1/29.57 b28.90 e9.85 d51.68 a
郑单958
ZD958
CK8.80 c33.56 c10.13 cd47.52 c
S-1/28.53 d33.49 c8.83 e49.14 b

表4

不同处理对夏玉米根系生物量及形态的影响"

年份
Year
品种
Variety
处理
Treatment
根系生物量
Root biomass (g)
根长密度
Root length density (cm cm-3)
根系表面积
Root surface area (m2)
R1R6R1R6R1R6
2015登海661
DH661
CK26.36 d22.27 b1.74 d1.52 a1.69 b1.38 a
S-1/225.86 d18.45 de1.76 cd1.36 b1.73 ab1.10 de
郑单958
ZD958
CK21.82 e19.16 d1.61 e1.31 b1.32 d1.21 bc
S-1/221.50 e17.96 e1.61 e1.06 c1.35 d0.93 g
2016登海661
DH661
CK29.36 a24.58 a1.95 a1.59 a1.77 a1.24 b
S-1/228.94 ab20.52 c1.93 a1.49 b1.75 a1.03 f
郑单958
ZD958
CK27.95 bc24.46 a1.83 bc1.53 a1.54 c1.16 cd
S-1/227.70 c21.30 c1.84 b1.33 b1.54 c1.03 ef

表5

不同处理对夏玉米各器官15N积累量的影响"

年份
Year
品种
Variety
处理
Treatment
15N 积累量 15N accumulation (mg plant-1)
根 Root茎 Stalk叶 Leaf粒 Grain整株 Whole plant
2015登海661
DH661
CK83.0 b157.4 b108.4 a646.4 c995.2 c
S-1/264.5 d131.9 d84.0 cd448.6 d729.0 d
郑单958
ZD958
CK87.0 a187.5 a95.6 b668.8 c1039.0 b
S-1/239.1 f162.5 b71.9 e459.6 d733.1 d
2016登海661
DH661
CK65.8 d146.9 c95.4 b821.9 a1130.0 a
S-1/254.4 e122.9 e85.2 cd782.3 b1047.4 b
郑单958
ZD958
CK70.3 c141.0 c90.0 bc848.4 a1149.8 a
S-1/253.4 e125.6 de80.1 d782.4 b1041.5 b

表6

花后根系指标与其他生理指标的相关系数"

根系生物量
Root
biomass
根长密度
Root length density
根系表面积
Root surface area
氮素积累量
N accumulation
叶面积
Leaf area
叶绿素含量
Content of
Chl a+b
光合速率
Pn
花后干物质
Post-silking dry matter
根系生物量
Root biomass
1.00
根长密度
Root length density
0.83**1.00
根系表面积
Root surface area
0.92**0.89**1.00
氮素积累量
N accumulation
0.350.340.361.00
叶面积
Leaf area
0.61*0.400.450.70**1.00
叶绿素含量
Content of Chl a+b
0.76**0.82**0.82**0.310.361.00
光合速率
Pn
0.250.290.290.61*0.58*0.311.00
花后干物质
Post-silking dry matter
0.61*0.360.470.81**0.88**0.370.58*1.00

表7

密度对玉米籽粒产量及产量构成因素的影响"

年份
Year
品种
Variety
种植密度
Plant density
(×104 hm-2)
公顷穗数
Number of harvested ears hm-2
穗粒数
Number of grains per
ear
千粒重
1000-kernel
weight (g)
产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
生物量
Biomass
(kg hm-2)
收获指数
Harvest index
2015登海661
DH661
6.7565439.4 b563.0 a371.9 b13703.8 c22642.0 b0.61 abc
9.0085927.8 a476.9 cd361.5 c14812.7 a25219.8 a0.59 bc
郑单958
ZD958
6.7563894.4 c539.2 b356.6 c12285.6 d20463.3 d0.60 abc
9.0085447.2 a480.0 cd331.5 d13596.8 c22116.6 bc0.61 ab
2016登海661
DH661
6.7564106.1 c553.7 a379.9 a13483.7 c21544.1 c0.62 ab
9.0085227.8 a473.5 d359.2 c14495.4 ab25267.9 a0.57 c
郑单958
ZD958
6.7562994.4 c533.9 b367.9 b12375.1 d20702.0 d0.60 bc
9.0085413.9 a487.6 c335.9 d13988.8 bc22108.0 bc0.63 a
年份 Year (Y)*NS**NSNSNS
品种 Variety (V)*NS******NS
密度 Density (D)**********NS
年份×品种 Y × VNSNSNS*NSNS
年份×密度 Y × DNSNS**NSNSNS
品种×密度 V × DNS**********
年份×品种×密度Y × V × DNSNSNSNSNSNS
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