冬小麦-夏玉米高产模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.81067

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探明周年产量20,000 kg hm ^-2以上冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征, 并建立资源优化配置定量指标, 为进一步提升黄淮海该模式周年产量潜力和气候资源利用效率提供理论依据, 具有重要意义。本研究利用2006—2010年黄淮海区9个高产点共45个田间试验的数据, 定量分析了冬小麦-夏玉米模式高产形成与季节间光温水资源分配的关系。结果表明, 三省9个试验点冬小麦-夏玉米均实现了周年20,000 kg hm ^-2以上高产, 但区域间差异较大, 河南和山东小麦产量最高, 山东夏玉米产量最高, 河南和山东周年产量分别高于河北16.9%和21.5%。产量的变化主要由光温水分配差异造成, 河南和山东小麦季积温量在1924.2~2608.0°C和降雨量小于201.1 mm范围时产量均高于河北, 山东玉米季辐射量在2168.5~2953.8 MJ m ^-2、积温量小于2990.7°C和降水量小于591.3 mm范围时产量均高于河南和河北。然而省份间冬小麦-夏玉米模式季节间热量资源分配率和分配比值相对固定, 即小麦季和玉米季积温分配率分别为43%和57%, 两季间积温比值为0.7, 这是该区当前生产和生态条件下冬小麦-夏玉米模式季节间资源合理配置的定量标准。在不增加任何投入的前提下依据该定量指标来指导黄淮海不同生态区冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式的资源优化配置, 对促进黄淮海该种植模式可持续发展具有重要意义。

关键词: 冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式, 高产, 资源分配, 资源利用效率

Abstract:

To clarify the characteristics of the resource distribution and its use efficiency for wheat-maize cropping system with high yield potential of 20,000 kg ha ^-1 is essential for increasing annual yield and resource use efficiency in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The relationship between high yield and distributions of radiation, accumulated temperature, and precipitation in seasons of winter wheat-summer maize cropping system was quantitatively analyzed by using the data of 45 field experiments from nine sites in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 2006 to 2010. The annual yield of winter wheat and summer maize in nine sites of the three provinces achieved more than 20,000 kg ha ^-1, with large differences among regions. Among the three provinces, the yield of wheat in Henan and Shandong and summer maize in Shandong was the highest, accounting for 16.9% and 21.5% higher than these in Hebei, respectively. The greater differences of yield among the three provinces mainly came from the distribution differences in radiation, accumulated temperature, and precipitation. The accumulated temperature and precipitation during wheat growth season in Henan and Shandong were higher than those in Hebei, when the accumulated temperature was from 1924.2°C to 2608°C, and rainfall was less than 201.1 mm; while the accumulated temperature, radiation, and precipitation during maize growth season in Shandong were higher than those in Henan and Hebei, when the radiation was 2168.5-2953.8 MJ m ^-2, the accumulated temperature was less than 2990.7°C, and rainfall was less than 591.3 mm. However, the relatively fixed resources distribution rate between winter wheat and summer maize was found among different experimental sites, the accumulated temperature distribution rate in wheat and maize season was 43% and 57%, respectively, the accumulated temperature ratio between two seasons was 0.7, which is the quantitative standard to dispose the reasonable resources distribution between growth seasons in winter wheat and summer maize. The results are of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of winter wheat and summer maize cropping system in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain by using the quantitative indexes established in this study to optimize the distribution of resources between two seasons for traditional winter wheat-summer maize cropping system without any input.

Key words: winter wheat-summer maize cropping system, yield, resource distribution, resource use efficiency

周宝元,马玮,孙雪芳,丁在松,李从锋,赵明. 冬小麦-夏玉米高产模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征研究[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(4): 589-600.

ZHOU Bao-Yuan,MA Wei,SUN Xue-Fang,DING Zai-Song,LI Cong-Feng,ZHAO Ming. Characteristics of annual climate resource distribution and utilization in high-yielding winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2019, 45(4): 589-600.

图/表 10

表1

表2

各高产地块作物种植方案"

地点 Experiment site	作物 Crop	品种 Variety	播种期 Sowing date (month/day)	收获期 Harvest date (month/day)
山东莱州 Laizhou, Shandong	小麦 Winter wheat	烟农19, 烟2415 Yannong 19, Yan 2415	10/10-10/12	6/9-6/10
山东莱州 Laizhou, Shandong	玉米Summer maize	金海5号, 莱农14 Jinhai 5, Lainong 14	6/11-6/12	10/8-10/10
山东滕州 Tengzhou, Shandong	小麦Winter wheat	济麦19, 鲁麦21 Jimai 19, Lumai 21	10/6-10/8	6/8-6/10
山东滕州 Tengzhou, Shandong	玉米Summer maize	登海3号, 郑单958 Denghai 3, Zhengdan 958	6/9-6/11	10/5-10/7
山东诸城 Zhucheng, Shandong	小麦Winter wheat	济麦20, 山农12 Jimai 20, Shannong 12	10/5-10/7	6/6-6/8
山东诸城 Zhucheng, Shandong	玉米Summer maize	鲁单981, 登海9号 Ludan 981, Denghai 9	6/8-6/10	10/3-10/5
山东兖州 Yanzhou, Shandong	小麦Winter wheat	济南17, 山农664 Jinan 17, Shannong 664	10/6-10/8	6/8-6/9
山东兖州 Yanzhou, Shandong	玉米Summer maize	鲁单981, 农大108 Ludan 981, Nongda 108	6/10-6/12	10/5-10/8
河北吴桥 Wuqiao, Hebei	小麦Winter wheat	轮选987, 石家庄8号 Lunxuan 987, Shijiazhuang 8	10/6-10/10	6/5-6/8
河北吴桥 Wuqiao, Hebei	玉米Summer maize	农大108, 蠡玉16 Nongda 108, Liyu 16	6/6-6/8	10/5-10/8
河北藁城 Gaocheng, Hebei	小麦Winter wheat	石新828, 石麦14 Shixin 828, Shimai 14	10/8-10/11	6/8-6/10
河北藁城 Gaocheng, Hebei	玉米Summer maize	郑单958, 蠡玉16 Xundan 20, Liyu 16	6/10-6/12	10/8-10/10
河南浚县 Xunxian, Henan	小麦Winter wheat	周麦22, 矮抗58 Zhoumai 22, Aikang 58	10/10-10/12	6/8-6/10
河南浚县 Xunxian, Henan	玉米Summer maize	浚单20, 浚单18 Xundan 20, Xundan 18	6/9-6/12	10/8-10/10
河南兰考 Lankao, Henan	小麦Winter wheat	兰考矮早八, 周麦16 Lankaoaizao 8, Zhoumai 16	10/13-10/16	6/9-6/10
河南兰考 Lankao, Henan	玉米Summer maize	浚单22, 郑单958 Xundan 22, Zhengdan 958	6/9-6/12	10/10-10/12
河南温县 Wenxian, Henan	小麦Winter wheat	豫麦49-198, 周麦18 Yumai 49-198, Zhoumai 18	10/15-10/18	6/8-6/10
河南温县 Wenxian, Henan	玉米Summer maize	浚单20, 先玉335 Xundan 20, Xianyu 335	6/10-6/12	10/12-10/15

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

图1

图2

表8

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地点 Experiment site	土壤质地 Soil texture	土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	pH	全氮 Total N (%)	碱解氮 Effective N (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Effective P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Effective K (mg kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter (%)
山东莱州 Laizhou, Shandong	黏壤土 Clay loam	0-10	6.9	0.077	66.5	61.9	130.0	1.6
山东莱州 Laizhou, Shandong	黏壤土 Clay loam	10-20	7.1	0.088	70.8	64.9	110.0	1.4
山东滕州 Tengzhou, Shandong	潮土 Moisture soil	0-10	7.1	0.076	63.8	73.9	132.1	1.6
山东滕州 Tengzhou, Shandong	潮土 Moisture soil	10-20	6.9	0.089	66.0	83.8	115.3	1.2
山东诸城 Zhucheng, Shandong	黏壤土 Clay loam	0-10	6.8	0.092	76.0	34.6	120.3	1.4
山东诸城 Zhucheng, Shandong	黏壤土 Clay loam	10-20	7.0	0.086	84.4	36.1	105.0	1.5
山东兖州 Yanzhou, Shandong	壤土 Loam soil	0-10	6.8	0.083	74.0	31.4	110.0	1.7
山东兖州 Yanzhou, Shandong	壤土 Loam soil	10-20	7.0	0.064	58.5	24.2	70.0	1.1
河北吴桥 Wuqiao, Hebei	壤土 Loam soil	0-10	7.8	0.066	76.2	38.3	160.0	1.6
河北吴桥 Wuqiao, Hebei	壤土 Loam soil	10-20	8.1	0.075	51.4	15.1	86.7	2.1
河北藁城 Gaocheng, Hebei	壤土 Loam soil	0-10	7.2	0.091	60.0	16.6	105.0	2.3
河北藁城 Gaocheng, Hebei	壤土 Loam soil	10-20	7.0	0.095	49.2	18.5	80.0	2.4
河南浚县 Xunxian, Henan	黏壤土 Clay loam	0-10	7.5	0.092	76.0	34.6	150.0	1.9
河南浚县 Xunxian, Henan	黏壤土 Clay loam	10-20	7.6	0.086	84.4	36.1	185.0	1.9
河南兰考 Lankao, Henan	沙壤土 Sandy loam	0-10	8.4	0.085	53.8	76.9	120.0	1.1
河南兰考 Lankao, Henan	沙壤土 Sandy loam	10-20	8.3	0.092	46.0	91.8	115.0	1.2
河南温县 Wenxian, Henan	潮土 Moisture soil	0-10	8.2	0.099	46.6	64.3	128.0	1.5
河南温县 Wenxian, Henan	潮土 Moisture soil	10-20	8.1	0.108	90.2	25.35	170.6	1.8

试验点 Experiment site	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	海拔 Altitude (m)	气象站点 Weather station	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	海拔 Altitude (m)
莱州 Laizhou	119.94	37.18	48.35	龙口 Longkou	120.20	37.38	28.42
滕州 Tengzhou	117.16	35.08	69.81	滕州 Tengzhou	117.12	35.06	74.89
诸城 Zhucheng	119.40	35.59	64.77	日照 Rizhao	119.52	35.42	37.26
兖州 Yanzhou	116.40	35.41	46.10	兖州 Yanzhou	116.51	35.34	51.70
吴桥 Wuqiao	116.39	37.63	20.18	陵县 Lingxian	116.57	37.34	22.72
藁城 Gaocheng	114.84	38.02	58.75	石家庄 Shijiazhuang	114.51	38.04	84.01
浚县 Xunxian	114.55	35.68	62.79	安阳 Anyang	114.39	36.10	62.90
兰考 Lankao	114.81	34.82	66.27	开封 Kaifeng	114.30	34.80	75.56
温县 Wenxian	113.07	34.94	108.70	温县 Wenxian	113.02	34.57	106.40

试验点 Experiment site		冬小麦 Winter wheat	夏玉米 Summer maize	周年 Annual
河南 Henan	浚县Xunxian	10875.0	13678.9	24553.9
	兰考Lankao	10577.3	12993.0	23570.3
	温县Wenxian	10428.5	12863.3	23291.8
山东 Shandong	兖州Yanzhou	10434.3	14977.9	25412.2
	滕州Tengzhou	10857.5	13983.3	24840.8
	诸城Zhucheng	10256.1	12763.2	23019.3
	莱州Laizhou	10018.5	15677.1	25695.6
河北 Hebei	吴桥Wuqiao	9356.5	11297.4	20653.9
河北 Hebei	藁城Gaocheng	9459.0	10605.6	20064.6
平均值 Mean	河南Henan	10626.9 a	13178.4 b	23805.3 a
	山东Shandong	10391.6 a	14350.4 a	24741.9 a
	河北Hebei	9407.8 b	10951.5 c	20359.3 b

试验点 Experiment site		冬小麦 Winter wheat		夏玉米 Summer maize		周年Annual
试验点 Experiment site		积温 AT (°C)	分配率 TDR (%)	积温 AT (°C)	分配率 TDR (%)	积温 AT (°C)	两季比 TR
河南 Henan	浚县Xunxian	2229.2	42	3062.4	58	5291.6	0.7
	兰考Lankao	2452.9	43	3219.5	57	5672.4	0.8
	温县Wenxian	2356.6	43	3145.2	57	5501.8	0.7
山东 Shandong	兖州Yanzhou	2233.9	43	2985.5	57	5219.4	0.7
	滕州Tengzhou	2249.6	43	2999.8	57	5249.4	0.7
	诸城Zhucheng	2295.4	44	2962.8	56	5258.2	0.8
	莱州Laizhou	2275.6	43	2980.4	57	5256.0	0.7
河北 Hebei	吴桥Wuqiao	2122.8	43	2838.2	57	4961.0	0.7
河北 Hebei	藁城Gaocheng	2157.1	43	2883.6	57	5040.7	0.7
平均值 Mean	河南Henan	2346.2 a	43	3142.3 a	57	5488.6 a	0.7
	山东Shandong	2263.6 b	43	2983.0 b	57	5245.8 b	0.7
	河北Hebei	2135.0 c	43	2865.9 c	57	5000.9 c	0.7

试验点 Experiment site		冬小麦 Winter wheat		夏玉米 Summer maize		周年 Annual
试验点 Experiment site		辐射量 Ra (MJ m^-2)	分配率 RDR (%)	辐射量 Ra (MJ m^-2)	分配率 RDR (%)	辐射量 Ra (MJ m^-2)	两季比 RR
河南 Henan	浚县Xunxian	2344.0	57	1776.1	43	4120.1	1.3
	兰考Lankao	2395.9	60	1616.1	40	4012.0	1.5
	温县Wenxian	2573.2	61	1669.5	39	4242.7	1.5
山东 Shandong	兖州Yanzhou	2629.7	58	1880.7	42	4510.4	1.4
	滕州Tengzhou	2591.2	58	1847.6	42	4438.8	1.4
	诸城Zhucheng	2714.2	60	1792.4	40	4454.7	1.5
	莱州Laizhou	2703.6	56	2177.2	44	4786.5	1.3
河北 Hebei	吴桥Wuqiao	2638.7	58	1852.2	42	4490.9	1.4
河北 Hebei	藁城Gaocheng	2633.9	59	1863.2	41	4497.1	1.4
平均值 Mean	河南Henan	2437.7 b	59	1687.2 b	41	4124.9 b	1.4
	山东Shandong	2659.7 a	58	1924.5 a	42	4547.6 a	1.4
	河北Hebei	2636.3 a	58	1857.7 a	42	4494.0 a	1.4