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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (2): 463-477.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14010

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

施氮量对宁夏引黄灌区麦后复种糜子生长、产量及氮素利用的影响

谢呈辉1,2(), 马海曌1,2, 许宏伟1,2, 徐郗阳1,2, 阮国兵1,2, 郭峥岩1,2, 宁永培1,2, 冯永忠1,2, 杨改河1,2, 任广鑫1,2,*()   

  1. 1西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
    2陕西省循环农业工程技术研究中心, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2021-01-19 接受日期:2021-04-26 出版日期:2022-02-12 网络出版日期:2021-06-09
  • 通讯作者: 任广鑫
  • 作者简介:E-mail: xiechenghui001@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划重大(重点)项目(2019BBF02007);陕西省循环农业工程技术研究中心资助(2019HBGC-13)

Effects of nitrogen rate on growth, grain yield, and nitrogen utilization of multiple cropping proso millet after spring-wheat in Irrigation Area of Ningxia

XIE Cheng-Hui1,2(), MA Hai-Zhao1,2, XU Hong-Wei1,2, XU Xi-Yang1,2, RUAN Guo-Bing1,2, GUO Zheng-Yan1,2, NING Yong-Pei1,2, FENG Yong-Zhong1,2, YANG Gai-He1,2, REN Guang-Xin1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
    2Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2021-01-19 Accepted:2021-04-26 Published:2022-02-12 Published online:2021-06-09
  • Contact: REN Guang-Xin
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Major (Key) Program of Key Research and Development Plan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2019BBF02007);the Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Circular Agriculture(2019HBGC-13)

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摘要：

为明确不同施氮量下糜子生长规律、产量表现以及氮素利用效率, 分析糜子形态特征与产量和氮素利用的关系, 同时确定宁夏引黄灌区麦后复种糜子的适宜施氮量, 本研究于2019年和2020年以宁糜9号为材料, 2019年设0 (N0)、90 (N1)、120 (N2)和150 kg hm -2 (N3)纯氮水平, 2020年增设180 (N4)和210 kg hm -2 (N5)纯氮水平, 以不施氮肥(N0)为对照在宁夏引黄灌区进行大田试验。结果表明, 施氮显著促进糜子各生育时期株高、茎粗、叶面积、根系的生长和干物质的积累, 但当施氮量超过150 kg hm -2时, 除茎粗和叶面积外, 其余各生长指标出现下降趋势; 根冠比随施氮量的增加呈先降低后升高再略微下降趋势, 多数生育时期在N2处理根冠比达最小值, 拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期分别为0.119、0.087、0.054和0.052。施氮显著促进糜子产量、千粒重和穗粒数增加, 并且随施氮量的增加呈先增加后略微下降趋势, N2、N3处理促进效果最佳; N2、N3处理糜子产量分别为2979.41 kg hm -2、3084.67 kg hm -2, 较N0处理分别增产76.22%、83.21%。糜子的氮素收获指数、氮肥表观回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力在N2处理表现较好, 分别为60.23%、61.81%、10.77 kg kg -1、24.83 kg kg -1。进一步分析发现, 糜子产量与各生长指标显著正相关, 各生长指标之间显著正相关, 根系形态特征与氮素积累量显著正相关, 表明施氮可以通过改善糜子根系形态特征来促进氮素吸收, 进一步促进冠层的生长, 从而有利于产量的形成。因此, 适量施氮明显改善糜子生长状况、提高产量, 并且有效平衡产量和氮素利用效率。综合来看, 宁夏引黄灌区麦后复种糜子的合理施氮量为120~150 kg hm -2。

关键词: 施氮量, 糜子, 生长, 产量, 氮素利用

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to clarify the growth rule, yield, and nitrogen utilization efficiency of proso millet under different nitrogen rates, the relationship between morphological characteristics and grain yield and nitrogen utilization was explored, and the suitable nitrogen rate for multiple cropping proso millet after spring-wheat in Irrigation Area of Ningxia was determined. The field experiments were conducted by single factor randomized block design, with four nitrogen rates [0 (N0), 90 (N1), 120 (N2), and 150 kg hm -2 (N3)] were set in 2019, and six nitrogen rates [180 (N4) and 210 kg hm -2 (N5) were added] in 2020. The results showed that the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, root morphology, and dry matter accumulation at the key growth stages of proso millet were significantly promoted by nitrogen application, however, nitrogen application rate exceeded 150 kg hm -2, these indexes declined slightly except for the stem diameter and leaf area. With the increase of nitrogen rate, the root-shoot ratio decreased first and then increased and then decreased slightly, and it reached the minimum under N2 treatment at most growth stages. The root-shoot ratio at jointing, heading, grain-filling and maturity stage under N2 treatment were 0.119, 0.087, 0.054, and 0.052, respectively. The grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and grain number per plant were significantly increased by nitrogen application, and with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the yield increased initially then slightly decreased, and achieved the best effect in N2 and N3 treatments. The grain yields of N2 and N3 treatments were 2979.41 kg hm -2 and 3084.67 kg hm -2, respectively, which were 76.22% and 83.21% higher than those of N0 treatment. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI), nitrogen fertilizer apparent recovery rate (NRE), agronomic efficiency (NAE), and partial productivity (NPFP) under N2 treatment were 60.23%, 61.81%, 10.77 kg kg -1, and 24.83 kg kg -1, respectively. Furthermore, grain yield was significantly positively correlated with each growth index, and there was significant positive correlation between each growth index, and the root morphological characteristics were significantly positively correlated with nitrogen accumulation. These results revealed that nitrogen application could improve the root morphological characteristics of proso millet to promote the absorption of nitrogen, and further promote the growth of canopy, which was conductive to yield formation. In view of the growth, grain yield and nitrogen utilization, the reasonable nitrogen rate for multiple cropping proso millet in Irrigation Area of Ningxia was 120-150 kg hm -2.

Key words: nitrogen rate, proso millet, growth, grain yield, nitrogen utilization

图1

糜子生育期内日均气温和降水量(2019-2020)"

图2

不同施氮处理对糜子各生育时期株高、茎粗和叶面积的影响(2019-2020) 图中数据为9次重复的平均值±标准误。柱上不同小写字母表示同一生育时期不同施氮处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。N: 施氮; Y: 年份; N×Y: 施氮与年份互作。**表示在0.01水平上差异显著, ns表示差异不显著(P > 0.05)。N0、N1、N2、N3、N4和N5分别代表施氮量0、90、120、150、180和210 kg hm-2。"

图3

不同施氮处理对糜子各生育时期总根长、总根表面积、总根体积和根平均直径的影响(2019-2020) 图中数据为9次重复的平均值±标准误。柱上不同小写字母表示同一生育时期不同施氮处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。**表示在0.01水平上差异显著, ns表示差异不显著(P > 0.05)。处理和缩写同图2。"

图4

不同施氮处理对糜子各生育时期干物质积累与根冠比的影响(2019-2020) 图中数据为3次重复的平均值±标准误。柱上不同小写字母表示同一生育时期不同施氮处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著, ns表示差异不显著。处理和缩写同图2。"

表1

不同施氮处理对糜子产量及其构成因素的影响(2019-2020)"

年份
Year		 施氮量
N treatment		 产量
Grain yield (kg hm-2)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 穗粒数
Grain number (No. per plant)
2019 N0 1584.81±243.51 b 7.7005±0.0670 c 395.11±45.35 b
N1 2293.33±82.21 ab 7.7431±0.0453 bc 516.33±65.76 ab
N2 2708.15±209.31 a 7.9327±0.0650 a 609.00±53.68 a
N3 3012.59±323.21 a 7.9124±0.0447 ab 638.78±68.11 a
2020 N0 1790.37±147.43 c 7.3548±0.0933 b 156.78±37.31 b
N1 2834.48±100.69 b 7.6680±0.0662 a 266.89±47.59 ab
N2 3250.67±73.71 a 7.7605±0.1116 a 329.44±31.85 a
N3 3156.74±129.61 ab 7.7532±0.0706 a 385.67±66.17 a
N4 3084.26±124.88 ab 7.7191±0.0427 a 338.44±26.45 a
N5 3094.93±85.29 ab 7.5624±0.1074 ab 309.56±31.49 a
方差分析 ANOVA
施氮 N treatment (N) 17.62** 5.08** 5.43**
年份 Year (Y) 8.81** 12.49** 52.82**
施氮×年份 N×Y 0.78ns 1.14ns 0.06ns

图5

糜子产量、千粒重和穗粒数与施氮量的回归分析(2020) 图中散点为实测数据, 实线为回归线。**表示回归模型在0.01水平上显著。"

图6

糜子各生长指标与产量的回归分析(2019-2020) 图中产量为实测数值; 各生长指标为同一小区4个生育时期的平均值; 实线为回归线(n = 30)。**表示回归模型在0.01水平上显著。"

图7

不同施氮处理对糜子各生育时期地上部氮素积累量的影响(2019-2020) 图中数据为3次重复的平均值±标准误。柱上不同小写字母表示同一生育时期不同施氮处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。**分别表示在0.01水平上显著差异, ns表示差异不显著。处理和缩写同图2。"

表2

不同施氮量对糜子氮素利用的影响(2019-2020)"

年份
Year		 施氮量
N treatment		 氮素收获指数
NHI (%)		 氮肥表观回收率
NRE (%)		 氮肥农学利用率
NAE (kg kg-1)		 氮肥偏生产力
NPFP (kg kg-1)
2019 N0 60.27±1.09 a — — —
N1 62.46±1.34 a 38.11±12.50 a 7.87±0.91 a 25.48±0.91 a
N2 60.45±1.93 a 60.00±1.96 a 9.36±1.75 a 22.57±1.75 a
N3 64.51±0.81 a 50.15±5.23 a 9.52±2.15 a 20.08±2.15 a
2020 N0 62.07±1.46 ab — — —
N1 64.49±1.52 a 42.01±8.27 b 11.60±1.12 a 31.49±1.12 a
N2 60.02±0.20 abc 63.62±3.87 a 12.17±0.61 a 27.09±0.61 b
N3 59.42±0.95 bc 49.63±4.85 ab 9.11±0.86 b 21.04±0.86 c
N4 56.66±2.65 c 41.42±5.40 b 7.19±0.69 bc 17.13±0.69 d
N5 50.89±0.75 d 43.62±6.17 b 6.21±0.41 c 14.74±0.41 d
方差分析 ANOVA
施氮 N treatment (N) 10.59** 3.20* 4.23* 34.74**
年份 Year (Y) 0.17ns 0.18ns 4.33ns 15.24**
施氮×年份 N×Y 2.68ns 0.07ns 1.63ns 2.33ns

表3

各生育时期糜子地上部氮素积累量与根系形态、干物质积累量的相关性(2019-2020)"

地上部氮素积累量 N accumulation of above-ground part
拔节期 Jointing 抽穗期 Heading 灌浆期 Grain-filling 成熟期 Maturity
总根长 Total root length 0.671** 0.694** 0.701** 0.720**
总根表面积 Total root surface 0.730** 0.747** 0.707** 0.278ns
总根体积 Total root volume 0.745** 0.563** 0.661** 0.286ns
根平均直径 Root average diameter 0.640** 0.352ns 0.499** 0.319ns
根干物质 Root dry matter 0.712** 0.904** 0.791** 0.550**
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