作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1): 177-187.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24026
白智媛, 陈向阳, 郑阿香, 张力, 邹军, 张大同, 陈阜, 尹小刚(
)
BAI Zhi-Yuan, CHEN Xiang-Yang, ZHENG A-Xiang, ZHANG Li, ZOU Jun, ZHANG Da-Tong, CHEN Fu, YIN Xiao-Gang(
)
摘要:
美国是全球重要的大豆生产国, 中美大豆生产水平差距大, 探讨美国大豆品种主要性状的时空演变规律对中国大豆生产具有重要借鉴意义。本研究基于1991—2019年美国213个大豆品种区试站点共计102,244个年点观测数据, 综合运用线性回归模型、空间分析和结构方程模型等方法, 研究了近30年来美国大豆区试品种(系)农艺和品质性状的时空变化特征。结果表明: (1) 1991—2019年美国大豆区试品种(系)数量和大豆单产均呈上升趋势, 1991—2003年大豆单产稳定在3000 kg hm-2左右, 2004年以来大豆单产以年均46.4 kg hm-2的速度显著增加, 近15年大豆平均单产为3525 kg hm-2; 西部和东部玉米带是美国大豆高产区, 2004—2019年美国有22.6%的区试站点大豆单产超过4000 kg hm-2, 且主要分布于西部玉米带和东部玉米带。(2) 近30年美国大豆区试品种(系)的百粒重呈下降趋势, 而株高和生育期无显著变化; 1991—2003年间百粒重年均下降0.12 g, 2004年以来百粒重无明显变化。(3) 近30年美国大豆区试品种(系)的蛋白质含量呈下降趋势, 平均蛋白质含量从1991—2003年间的41.3%下降到2004—2019年间的40.0%, 美国南部地区的蛋白质含量比北部地区高1.4%; 油脂呈先下降后增加趋势, 平均油脂含量从1991—2003年间的20.3%上升到2004—2019年间的21.3%; 2004—2019年美国有59.2%的区试站点大豆油脂含量超过21%。(4) 2004—2019年美国大豆区试品种(系)单产水平和油脂含量协同提高, 大豆自身农艺性状对单产的制约作用降低。本研究揭示了美国近30年来大豆品种(系)农艺和品质性状的时空变化特征, 阐明了不同时期大豆区试品种(系)单产与主要性状之间的关系, 可为中国大豆品种高产优质协同发展提供参考。
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