石灰性褐土条件下高粱与玉米耐瘠薄特性及对土壤肥力响应的比较

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.54006

Abstract

Abstract:

To provide theoretical support for replacing maize with sorghum on marginal soils within the same region, this study compared the tolerance of sorghum and maize to low soil fertility and their responses to varying fertility levels based on a long-term field experiment. The experiment, initiated in 2011, included seven fertilization treatments: CK (no fertilization), PK (no nitrogen), NK (no phosphorus), NP (no potassium), NPK (complete NPK fertilizers), MS (straw return combined with organic fertilizer), and NPKMS (NPK fertilizers with straw return and organic fertilizer), resulting in a gradient of soil fertility levels. Yield and its components, growth and development, and nutrient uptake of both crops were comparatively analyzed. Results showed that under CK and PK treatments, sorghum yielded more than maize, whereas maize outperformed sorghum under the other treatments. Compared with the NPKMS treatment, sorghum yields under CK, PK, NK, and NP decreased by 52.4%-57.0%, 49.6%-51.0%, 18.4%-40.0%, and 4.1%-18.0%, respectively; in contrast, maize yields declined by 70.7%-73.2%, 68.4%-73.1%, 21.0%-44.3%, and 10.0%-22.4%, respectively. The CK, PK, and NK treatments significantly reduced panicle number per unit area and grain number per panicle in both crops. Additionally, CK and PK reduced maize grain weight but increased that of sorghum. Compared to NPKMS, CK, PK, and NK treatments delayed anthesis in both crops, with a more pronounced effect in maize. Before the four-leaf stage, sorghum exhibited lower crop growth rate (CGR) and lower N, P, and K uptake than maize. However, from the four-leaf stage to anthesis, sorghum surpassed maize in CGR, resulting in higher leaf area index (LAI), aboveground biomass, and nutrient uptake at anthesis. Sorghum was less affected by nutrient deficiency in terms of biomass accumulation and CGR. Overall, sorghum had a lower harvest index and lower use efficiencies for N, P, and K than maize. However, under CK and PK treatments, sorghum's N and P harvest indices and nutrient use efficiencies were comparable to or even higher than those of maize. Correlation analysis among soil nutrient levels, grain yield and its components, and nutrient uptake and utilization revealed that soil nutrient content was positively correlated with yield, panicle number per unit area, and grain number per panicle in both crops, as well as with maize grain weight, but negatively correlated with sorghum grain weight. In conclusion, sorghum demonstrates greater yield potential and nutrient use efficiency than maize on marginal soils. Low soil fertility reduced panicle number and grain number per panicle in both crops; although it decreased maize grain weight, it increased that of sorghum. Low fertility also prolonged the vegetative growth period of both crops, with sorghum being less affected. These findings provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilization strategies and site-specific crop selection between sorghum and maize in the same region.

Key words: sorghum, maize, soil fertility, yield and its composition, growth and development, nutrient uptake

CHEN Hao-Xiang, WAN Xin-Jie, CHEN Qing, WANG Jin-Song, DONG Er-Wei, WANG Yuan, HUANG Xiao-Lei, LIU Qiu-Xia, JIAO Xiao-Yan. Comparison of low-fertility tolerance and response of sorghum and maize to soil fertility based on a long-term experiment on calcareous cinnamon soil[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2025, 51(10): 2775-2787.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1

Table 2

Comparison of yield, yield components, and harvest index between sorghum and maize"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (t hm^-2)		穗数 Number of panicle (×10⁴ hm^-2)		穗粒数 Grain number per panicle		单粒重 Weight per grain		收获指数 HI
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	高粱 Sorghum	玉米 Maize	高粱 Sorghum	玉米 Maize	高粱 Sorghum	玉米 Maize	高粱 Sorghum (mg)	玉米 Maize (g)	高粱 Sorghum	玉米 Maize
2022	CK	4.59± 0.07 d^*	3.84± 0.19 d	11.32± 0.35 b^*	5.68± 0.44 cd	1255.48± 130.00 e^*	260.83± 6.24 d	29.25± 0.05 a^*	0.26± 0.00 c	0.41± 0.01 c^*	0.49± 0.02 d
	PK	4.86± 0.12 d^*	4.15± 0.08 d	12.03± 0.20 ab^*	5.33± 0.12 d	1307.62± 69.76 e^*	300.20± 30.49 d	29.58± 0.20 a^*	0.26± 0.01 c	0.45± 0.02 b^*	0.55± 0.01 cd
	NK	7.87± 0.20 c	7.31± 0.10 c	12.15± 0.68 ab^*	5.99± 0.19 bc	2395.38± 36.94 d^*	372.30± 32.12 c	26.22± 0.38 d^*	0.31± 0.01 a	0.48± 0.01 ab^*	0.59± 0.02 c
	NP	9.24± 0.08 b^*	10.19± 0.15 b	12.42± 0.54 a^*	6.09± 0.23 abc	2835.33± 58.33 bc^*	561.44± 15.69 b	26.26± 0.11 d^*	0.30± 0.00 ab	0.48± 0.01 ab^*	0.64± 0.02 ab
	NPK	9.11± 0.15 b^*	10.64± 0.08 b	12.52± 0.21 a^*	5.84± 0.07 bc	2622.54± 65.90 c^*	633.99± 10.10 a	28.64± 0.06 b^*	0.29± 0.00 b	0.47± 0.01 ab^*	0.64± 0.03 a
	MS	9.97± 0.05 a^*	12.66± 0.45 a	12.61± 0.75 a^*	6.00± 0.31 ab	3031.23± 11.71 ab^*	674.34± 19.40 a	27.32± 0.10 c^*	0.30± 0.00 ab	0.49± 0.01 a^*	0.55± 0.01 c
	NPKMS	9.22± 0.01 b^*	13.11± 0.08 a	12.49± 0.22 a^*	6.00± 0.02 a	3175.98± 66.08 a^*	664.27± 3.93 a	25.64± 0.08 d^*	0.30± 0.00 ab	0.47± 0.01 ab^*	0.58± 0.02 bc
2023	CK	4.15± 0.05 d^*	3.59± 0.14 d	10.92± 0.05 c^*	4.79± 0.15 d	1149.07± 11.55 c^*	240.23± 7.93 c	28.72± 0.09 a^*	0.27± 0.00 b	0.45± 0.03 a^*	0.50± 0.01 d
	PK	4.76± 0.16 d^*	3.61± 0.07 d	11.05± 0.14 c^*	5.05± 0.14 cd	1288.18± 51.33 c^*	222.89± 4.92 c	28.95± 0.53 a^*	0.28± 0.01 b	0.45± 0.03 a^*	0.51± 0.01 d
	NK	5.76± 0.14 c^*	10.61± 0.24 c	10.89± 0.02 c^*	5.11± 0.07 cd	1925.80± 21.78 b^*	530.33± 7.70 b	23.83± 0.33b c^*	0.35± 0.01 a	0.49± 0.00 a^*	0.64± 0.00 a
	NP	7.92± 0.31 b^*	12.08± 0.07 b	10.86± 0.02 c^*	5.55± 0.09 ab	2765.94± 75.74 a^*	620.97± 18.97 a	22.81± 0.32 c^*	0.33± 0.01 a	0.49± 0.02 a^*	0.63± 0.00 ab
	NPK	8.88± 0.56 a^*	12.47± 0.04 b	11.10± 0.07 c^*	5.24± 0.12 bc	2755.45± 60.21 a^*	583.84± 16.73 a	24.48± 0.81 b^*	0.34± 0.01 a	0.51± 0.01 a^*	0.62± 0.01 b
	MS	9.64± 0.16 a^*	13.43± 0.20 a	11.58± 0.04 b^*	5.50± 0.10 ab	2897.10± 17.66 a^*	639.68± 15.41 a	24.90± 0.28 b^*	0.34± 0.01 a	0.51± 0.00 a^*	0.60± 0.00 c
	NPKMS	9.63± 0.21 a^*	13.42± 0.09 a	12.39± 0.20 a^*	5.61± 0.08 a	2965.97± 80.29 a^*	621.79± 25.31 a	22.68± 0.12 c^*	0.34± 0.01 a	0.49± 0.01 a^*	0.62± 0.00 b
双因素方差分析Two-way ANOVA analysis
处理Treatment (T)		**	**	*	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
年份Year (Y)		*	ns	**	**	ns	ns	**	**	*	*
处理×年份T×Y		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**

Table 2

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

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年度 Year	处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)
2022	CK	14.23	0.71	3.48	147.00
	PK	14.76	0.73	7.20	145.97
	NK	15.89	0.79	4.10	150.32
	NP	15.58	0.78	5.47	131.14
	NPK	15.30	0.81	5.03	157.22
	MS	30.07	1.81	62.68	540.04
	NPKMS	30.91	1.94	67.27	595.04
2023	CK	15.15	0.68	3.65	139.32
	PK	15.74	0.68	10.74	142.32
	NK	15.03	0.71	4.81	144.48
	NP	14.65	0.70	6.63	140.15
	NPK	17.00	0.77	7.48	153.15
	MS	33.24	1.83	72.85	504.15
	NPKMS	31.00	1.86	76.35	571.32

处理 Treatments	N		P		K
处理 Treatments	高粱Sorghum	玉米Maize	高粱Sorghum	玉米Maize	高粱Sorghum	玉米Maize
CK	0.66±0.01 a	0.70±0.02 a	0.72±0.01 a^*	0.66±0.01 c	0.14±0.01 b^*	0.21±0.01 b
PK	0.64±0.01 ab^*	0.72±0.02 a	0.62±0.01 bc^*	0.54±0.01 d	0.12±0.00 cd^*	0.19±0.01 bc
NK	0.55±0.03 c^*	0.70±0.02 a	0.65±0.02 abc^*	0.78±0.01 b	0.11±0.00 d^*	0.22±0.01 b
NP	0.60±0.02 bc^*	0.68±0.02 a	0.67±0.02 a^*	0.77±0.02 b	0.18±0.01 a^*	0.28±0.01 a
NPK	0.56±0.01 c^*	0.70±0.02 a	0.65±0.01 abc^*	0.81±0.02 b	0.14±0.00 b^*	0.26±0.01 a
MS	0.59±0.02 c^*	0.70±0.01 a	0.69±0.01 ab^*	0.82±0.01 b	0.13±0.01 bc^*	0.20±0.01 bc
NPKMS	0.56±0.01 c^*	0.68±0.01 a	0.69±0.02 ab^*	0.88±0.01 a	0.12±0.00 cd^*	0.17±0.00 c

处理 Treatment	N		P		K
处理 Treatment	高粱Sorghum	玉米Maize	高粱Sorghum	玉米Maize	高粱Sorghum	玉米Maize
CK	86.45±2.26 a	85.54±0.26 a	380.18±6.70 ab^*	338.86±4.93 d	42.94±1.73 b^*	67.49±4.58 c
PK	87.44±1.60 a	84.85±5.67 a	263.00±1.57 cd	261.01±12.50 e	31.19±0.16 c^*	58.04±2.06 c
NK	45.66±2.83 b^*	63.36±1.33 b	434.69±35.56 a^*	589.60±17.99 a	31.25±1.03 c^*	82.93±4.05 b
NP	48.95±2.85 b	57.37±1.59 b	313.56±12.53 bcd^*	519.43±4.91 b	51.02±1.97 a^*	96.62±4.59 a
NPK	49.18±4.03 b	63.33±3.38 b	347.65±36.50 bc	443.74±6.66 c	42.71±1.17 b^*	99.93±1.20 a
MS	47.44±3.00 b^*	60.02±2.93 b	252.15±14.67 d^*	366.00±8.41 d	34.05±1.80 c^*	65.50±2.51 c
NPKMS	43.33±1.88 b^*	56.12±1.75 b	262.63±14.73 cd^*	412.45±13.58 c	31.55±0.21 c^*	60.84±0.35 c

Comparison of low-fertility tolerance and response of sorghum and maize to soil fertility based on a long-term experiment on calcareous cinnamon soil

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