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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (7): 1787-1779.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11030

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Characteristics of farmland water consumption under two-year wheat-maize interannual rotation patterns in Heilonggang Plain

ZHAO Ying-Xing1(), WANG Biao1(), LIU Qing1, SONG Tong1,2, ZHANG Xue-Peng1, CHEN Yuan-Quan1, SUI Peng1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
    2Zibo Digital Agriculture Rural Development Center, Shandong 255000, Jinan, China
  • Received:2021-03-19 Accepted:2021-11-29 Online:2022-07-12 Published:2021-12-28
  • Contact: SUI Peng E-mail:zyx2020cau@163.com;wangbiao0312@outlook.com;suipeng@cau.edu.cn
  • About author:First author contact:

    ** Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300203);Open Project of Key Laboratory of Crop Water Demand and Regulation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(FIRI2021010101)

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Abstract:

In order to solve the contradiction of water and grain about the traditional continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) double-cropping system (W-M→W-M, CK) in the groundwater funnel area of Heilonggang Plain, the new rotation patterns with two-year cycle of “one-year traditional W-M + one-year other crops” were designed, trying to find out a water-saving and green stable cropping system suitable for this region. The field experiment was carried out in Wuqiao, Hebei province from October 2018 to September 2020. Setting spring maize→W-M (Ms→W-M), winter wheat→W-M (W→W-M), spring sweet potato (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill)→W-M (Psw→W-M), spring peanut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.)→W-M (As→W-M), winter wheat-summer peanut→W-M (W-A→W-M) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-silage corn→W-M (P-C→W-M) six rotation patterns with two years cycle, we tried to analyze the characteristics of farmland water consumption. The results showed that: (1) Compared with CK, the annual water consumption of rotation patterns reduced by 3.1%-15.2%, expect W-A→W-M. The annual average water consumption of Ms→W-M, P-C→W-M, As→W-M and Psw→W-M decreased by 6.1%, 7.2%, 9.2%, and 15.2%, respectively, and the annual average net groundwater consumption of the four patterns also decreased by 9.0%, 10.3%, 16.2%, and 32.9%, respectively. (2) The combination of crops at different water consumption levels could achieve water complementary spatially. Winter wheat mainly consumed 0-160 cm soil moisture, which was reduced by 20% compared with sowing. Potato mainly consumed 0-100 cm soil moisture, which was reduced by 12% compared with sowing. Spring peanut mainly consumed 20-80 cm soil moisture, which was reduced by 4% compared with sowing. (3) Partial rotation patterns could reduce the demand for irrigation water and increase soil water storage. In 2019 rotation year, when the irrigation amount of Ms→W-M and As→W-M patterns were 145 mm and 175 mm less than CK, the soil water storage of 2 m increased by 27.2 mm and 12.6 mm compared with the start of rotation year, respectively. When the irrigation amount of W-M→W-M was 300 mm, the soil water storage of 2 m increased by 18.4 mm compared with the start of rotation year. (4) Partial rotation patterns had better economic water use efficiency (EWUE), which were 1.2-1.5 times of CK. The EWUE of As→W-M and W-A→W-M were 1.5 times and 1.2 times significantly higher than that of CK, respectively. Based on the characteristics of farmland water consumption and EWUE, the two-year rotation patterns of As→W-M, Psw→W-M, P-C→W-M, Ms→W-M could reduce the farmland water consumption, meanwhile, maintain and improve the economic water use efficiency, and could be implemented to partially replace the winter wheat and summer maize double-cropping system in Heilonggang Plain.

Key words: crop rotation, evapotranspiration, tension meter, groundwater, economic water use efficiency

Fig. 1

Monthly accumulative precipitation from October 2018 to September 2020, and the average monthly precipitation from 2010 to 2019 at Wuqiao Station"

Fig. 2

Whole growth period distribution of crops under different rotation patterns W-M→W-M: winter wheat-summer maize→winter wheat-summer maize; Ms→W-M: spring maize→winter wheat-summer maize; W→W-M: winter wheat→winter wheat-summer maize; Psw→W-M: spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize; As→W-M: spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize; W-A→W-M: winter wheat-summer peanut→winter wheat-summer maize; P-C→W-M: potato-silage corn→winter wheat-summer maize. The grey part represents the fallow period"

Table 1

Field management measures of different crops"

年份
Year		 作物
Crop		 播种日期
Sowing date
(year-month-day)		 收获日期
Harvest date
(year-month-day)		 灌溉量
Irrigation
(mm)		 施肥量Fertilizer rate (kg hm-2)
氮N 磷P2O5 钾K2O
2019 冬小麦 Winter wheat 2018-10-06 2019-06-09 225 225 112.5 225
夏玉米 Summer maize 2019-06-14 2019-09-29 75 180 103.5 112.5
春玉米 Spring maize 2019-05-21 2019-09-15 155 240 75 90
春甘薯 Spring sweet potato 2019-04-30 2019-10-06 80 54 138 225
春花生 Spring peanut 2019-05-16 2019-09-18 125 172 172.5 150
夏花生 Summer peanut 2019-06-14 2019-10-06 75 172 172.5 150
马铃薯 Potato 2019-03-11 2019-06-18 155 180 120 300
青贮玉米 Silage corn 2019-06-23 2019-09-28 75 180 103.5 112.5
2020 冬小麦 Winter wheat 2019-10-15 2020-06-09 225 225 112.5 225
夏玉米 Summer maize 2020-06-15 2020-09-24 120 180 103.5 112.5

Table 2

Distribution of the precipitation during the experimental years (Oct. 2018-Sep. 2020) of different rotation patterns (mm)"

年份
Year		 模式
Rotation pattern		 作物
Crops		 生育期降水量
Precipitation during
growth period		 休闲期降雨量Precipitation during
fallow period		 总降雨量
Total precipitation
2019 W-M→W-M 冬小麦 Winter wheat 79.2 0 79.2
夏玉米 Summer maize 432.2 10.1 442.3
Ms→W-M 春玉米 Spring maize 457.5 64.0 521.5
W→W-M 冬小麦 Winter wheat 79.2 442.3 521.5
Psw→W-M 春甘薯 Spring sweet potato 465.0 56.5 521.5
As→W-M 春花生 Spring peanut 457.5 64.0 521.5
W-A→W-M 冬小麦 Winter wheat 79.2 0 79.2
夏花生 Summer peanut 439.7 2.6 442.3
P-C→W-M 马铃薯 Potato 67.8 11.4 79.2
青贮玉米 Silage corn 432.2 10.1 442.3
2020 — 冬小麦 Winter wheat 147.7 0 147.7
夏玉米 Summer maize 239.8 0.7 240.5

Fig. 3

Net consumption of groundwater in different rotation patterns I: irrigation; DP: deep percolation; NCG: net consumption of groundwater. NCG=I-DP. Different lowercase letters indicate that there is significant difference at the level of 0.05 by LSD method."

Fig. 4

Soil moisure contents in 0-200 cm soil depth of different rotation patterns"

Fig. 5

Variation of 0-200 cm soil water storage in different rotation patterns Variation of soil water storage = End time - Start time, a positive value indicates an increase in water storage and a negative value indicates a decrease (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate that there is significant difference at the level of 0.05 by LSD method."

Table 3

Water consumption and composition of different rotation patterns (mm)"

模式
Rotation pattern		 2018-2019 2019-2020 2018-2020年均2018-2020 Average
降水量
P		 灌溉量
I		 土壤水
变化量
CSWS		 深层
渗漏量
DP		 周年
蒸散量
ETa		 降水量
P		 灌溉量
I		 土壤水变化量
CSWS		 深层
渗漏量
DP		 周年
蒸散量
ETa		 降水量
P		 灌溉量
I		 土壤水
变化量
CSWS		 深层
渗漏量
DP		 年均
蒸散量ETa
W-M→W-M 521.5 300.0 -18.4 a 92.6 ab 747.3 ab 388.2 345.0 -29.4 b 75.2 ab 687.4 b 454.9 322.5 -23.9 a 83.9 a 717.4 b
Ms→W-M 521.5 155.0 27.2 b 35.6 bc 613.7 d 388.2 345.0 -87.1 a 30.1 bc 790.1 a 454.9 250.0 -30.0 a 32.9 bc 701.9 b
W→W-M 521.5 225.0 4.4 ab 34.3 bc 707.8 bc 388.2 345.0 -44.2 b 36.3 bc 741.1 ab 454.9 285.0 -19.9 a 35.3 bc 724.5 b
Psw→W-M 521.5 80.0 -2.4 ab 11.5 c 592.4 d 388.2 345.0 -35.6 b 93.1 a 675.6 b 454.9 212.5 -19.0 a 52.3 abc 634.0 e
As→W-M 521.5 125.0 12.6 ab 21.0 c 612.9 d 388.2 345.0 -60.4 ab 49.1 abc 744.5 ab 454.9 235.0 -23.9 a 35.1 bc 678.7 bc
W-A→W-M 521.5 300.0 -13.6 a 25.4 c 809.7 a 388.2 345.0 -35.2 b 26.3 bc 742.1 ab 454.9 322.5 -24.4 a 25.8 c 775.9 a
P-SC→W-M 521.5 230.0 -19.6 a 128.8 a 642.3 cd 388.2 345.0 -29.3 b 18.1 c 744.4 ab 454.9 287.5 -24.5 a 73.4 ab 693.4 b

Table 4

Economic water use efficiencies (EWUE) of different rotation patterns from 2018-2020"

模式
Rotation pattern		 2018-2019 2019-2020 2018-2020年均2018-2020 average
经济效益
Benefits
(Yuan hm-2)		 耗水量
ETa
(mm)		 经济水分
利用效率
EWUE
(Yuan m-3)		 经济效益
Benefits
(Yuan hm-2)		 耗水量
ETa
(mm)		 经济水分
利用效率
EWUE
(Yuan m-3)		 经济效益
Benefits
(Yuan hm-2)		 耗水量
ETa
(mm)		 经济水分
利用效率
EWUE
(Yuan m-3)
W-M→W-M 21,402.1 b 747.3 ab 2.87 c 23,167.4 a 687.4 b 3.37 a 22,284.8 b 717.4 b 3.11 c
Ms→W-M 15,416.6 b 613.7 d 2.52 c 22,654.9 a 790.1 a 2.87 bc 19,035.8 b 701.9 b 2.72 c
W→W-M 6,789.4 c 707.8 bc 0.96 d 21,242.4 ab 741.1 ab 2.87 bc 14,015.9 c 724.5 b 1.94 d
Psw→W-M 16,478.1 b 592.4 d 2.78 c 22,445.0 a 675.6 b 3.34 ab 19,461.5 b 634.0 c 3.08 c
As→W-M 39,110.5 a 612.9 d 6.38 a 23,470.8 a 744.5 ab 3.16 ab 31,290.6 a 678.7 bc 4.61 a
W-A→W-M 36,890.7 a 809.7 a 4.56 b 23,115.3 a 742.1 ab 3.11 ab 30,003.0 a 775.9 a 3.87 b
P-C→W-M 20,783.8 b 642.3 cd 3.24 c 18,967.8 b 744.4 ab 2.55 c 19,875.8 b 693.4 b 2.87 c

Table S1

Crop yield of different rotation patterns from 2018 to 2020"

模式
Rotation pattern		 2018-2019 2019-2020
作物Crop 产量Yield (kg hm-2) 作物Crop 产量Yield (kg hm-2)
W-M→W-M 冬小麦 Winter wheat 6985 ± 594 冬小麦 Winter wheat 8947 ± 1150
夏玉米 Summer maize 11,118 ± 859 夏玉米 Summer maize 10,320 ± 137
Ms→W-M 春玉米 Spring maize 12,295 ± 451 冬小麦 Winter wheat 9243 ± 371
夏玉米 Summer maize 9673 ± 622
W→W-M 冬小麦 Winter wheat 7173 ± 813 冬小麦 Winter wheat 8763 ± 677
夏玉米 Summer maize 9546 ± 418
Psw→W-M 春甘薯 Spring sweet potato 33,576 ± 1529 冬小麦 Winter wheat 8585 ± 641
夏玉米 Summer maize 10,403 ± 375
As→W-M 春花生 Spring peanut 6487 ± 371 冬小麦 Winter wheat 9122 ± 500
夏玉米 Summer maize 10,254 ± 435
W-A→W-M 冬小麦 Winter wheat 7002 ± 708 冬小麦 Winter wheat 8804 ± 767
夏花生 Summer peanut 5252 ± 832 夏玉米 Summer maize 10,475 ± 463
P-SC→W-M 马铃薯 Potato 26,733 ± 5542 冬小麦 Winter wheat 8442 ± 482
青贮玉米 Silage maize 51,733 ± 3711 夏玉米 Summer maize 8766 ± 879
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