长江流域旱地多熟模式水分供需平衡特征与水分生产效益

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14206

Abstract

Abstract:

The seasonal drought is a serious problem because of the unevenly distributed rainfall during the years in the Yangtze River basin. To construct multi-cropping patterns of intercropping with drought avoidance and disaster reduction as the main body is the fundamental way to realize the efficient utilization of water resources. Therefore, we carried out dryland multiple cropping patterns evaluation in test in the Yangtze River (Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Jiangsu) from 2016 to 2020, the cropping patterns was set as wheat-summer maize (C1), wheat-summer maize ‖ summer soybean (C2), forage rape-spring maize/summer soybean (C3), and potato-spring maize/summer soybean (C4) in Sichuan. Rape-maize‖summer soybean (B1), forage rape-spring maize ‖ spring soybean (B2), and potato / spring maize / summer soybean (B3) in Hubei; rape-maize ‖ summer soybean (N1), forage rape-spring maize/summer soybean (N2), and forage rape-spring maize ‖ spring soybean-autumn soybean (N3) in Hunan; potato/spring maize/summer soybean (X1), rape-maize ‖ summer soybean (X2), ryegrass-spring maize/summer soybean (X3), and ryegrass-spring maize ‖ spring soybean (X4). Wheat-fresh maize/fresh maize (S1), wheat-fresh maize/fresh soybean (S2), fresh broad bean/fresh maize-fresh maize (S3), and fresh broad bean/fresh maize-fresh soybean (S4) in Jiangsu. We compared the characteristics of supply-demand equilibrium, the paddy of the overall productions and the water benefits of different cropping patterns with the AquaCrop model. These results showed that the water satisfy rate of C4 was 5.28%, 2.91%, and 6.00% higher than C1, C2, and C4, and the paddy of the overall production was 71.2%, 49.3%, and 25.6% higher, respectively, and the water benefit was 329.29%, 123.42%, and 45.52% higher in Sichuan. The water satisfy rate of B3 was 3.99% and 3.51% higher than B1 and B2, and the paddy of the overall production was 36.8% and 25.8% higher, and the water benefit was 295.60% and 69.01% higher in Hubei, respectively. The water satisfy rate of N2 was 9.08% and 2.93% higher than N1 and N3, and the water benefit was 58.47% and 183.33% higher in Hunan, respectively. The water satisfy rate of X1 was 7.94%, 6.70%, and 4.05% higher than X2, X3, and X4, and paddy of the overall production was 112.4%, 152.5%, and 116.8% higher, respectively, and the water benefit was 97.03%, 126.14%, and 77.68% higher in Jiangxi, respectively. The water satisfy rate of S4 was 7.94%, 6.70%, and 4.05% higher than X2, X3, and X4, and paddy of the overall production was respectively 35.4%, 17.5%, and 12.6% higher, and the water benefit was 60.25%, 14.93%, and 45.56% higher in Jiangsu, respectively. Potato-spring maize/summer soybean in Sichuan, potato/spring maize/summer soybean in Hubei, forage rape-spring maize/summer soybean in Hunan, potato/spring maize/summer soybean in Jiangxi and fresh broad bean/fresh maize-fresh soybean in Jiangsu were the appropriate cropping patterns that can improve the water supply-demand equilibrium, paddy of the overall production, and water benefit. To avoid seasonal drought and achieve annual high yield, the appropriate multiple cropping patterns of intercropping should be selected depending on the rainfall conditions in the dryland of the Yangtze River basin.

Key words: Yangtze River basin, multiple cropping patterns, water supply-demand equilibrium, water benefit

ZHANG Jia-Yun, MA Shu-Mei, YU Chang-Bing, WANG Shu-Bin, WEI Ya-Feng, YANG Wen-Yu, WANG Xiao-Chun. Characteristics of water supply-demand equilibrium and water production benefits of the dryland multiple cropping patterns in the Yangtze River basin[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(11): 2891-2907.

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	Liu G D. Research on Techniques of Plant Population Configuration and Benefits of Cropping Patterns on Maize/Soybean Relay Intercropping Systems. MS Thesis of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 2015. (in Chinese with English abstract)
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试验点 Test plot	经度 Longitude	纬度 Latitude	土壤 Soil	海拔 Elevation (m)	平均气温 Average temperature (℃)	无霜期 Frost-free season (d)	全年日照 Year-round sunshine (h)
四川 Sichuan	109.13	29.99	棕紫泥土 Brown purple soil	500	16-18	230-340	1000-1400
湖北 Hubei	109.47	30.29	黄壤黏土 Yellow soil clay	900	15-17	230-300	1400-2200
湖南 Hunan	112.90	28.68	红土 Red soil	500	15-17	253-311	1400-2200
江西 Jiangxi	115.89	28.68	红土 Red soil	25-30	17-18	240-307	1400-2200
江苏 Jiangsu	120.55	32.37	黄棕土 Yellow brown soil	2-6	14-16	256-326	2200-3000

地区Region	种植模式Cropping pattern
四川仁寿 Renshou, Sichuan	C1: 小麦-夏玉米 Wheat-Summer maize
	C2: 小麦-夏玉米‖夏大豆 Wheat-Summer maize‖Summer soybean
	C3: 饲草油菜-春玉米/夏大豆 Forage rape-Spring maize/Summer soybean
	C4: 马铃薯-春玉米/夏大豆 Potato-Spring maize/Summer soybean
湖北恩施 Enshi, Hubei	B1: 油菜-夏玉米‖夏大豆 Rape-Summer maize‖Summer soybean
	B2: 饲草油菜-春玉米‖春大豆 Forage rape-Spring maize‖Spring soybean
	B3: 马铃薯/春玉米/夏大豆 Potato/Spring maize/Summer soybean
湖南湘阴 Xiangyin, Hunan	N1: 油菜-夏玉米‖夏大豆 Rape-Summer maize‖Summer soybean
	N2: 饲草油菜-春玉米/夏大豆 Forage rape-Spring maize/Summer soybean
	N3: 饲草油菜-春玉米‖春大豆-秋大豆Forage rape-Spring maize‖Spring soybean-Autumn soybean
江西南昌 Nanchang, Jiangxi	X1: 马铃薯/春玉米/夏大豆 Potato/Spring maize/Summer soybean
	X2: 油菜-夏玉米‖夏大豆 Rape-Summer maize‖Summer soybean
	X3: 黑麦草-春玉米/夏大豆 Ryegrass-Spring maize/Summer soybean
	X4: 黑麦草-春玉米‖春大豆 Ryegrass-Spring maize‖Spring soybean
江苏如皋 Rugao, Jiangsu	S1: 小麦-鲜食玉米/鲜食玉米 Wheat-Fresh maize/Fresh maize
	S2: 小麦-鲜食玉米/鲜食大豆 Wheat-Fresh maize/Fresh soybean
	S3: 鲜食蚕豆/鲜食玉米-鲜食玉米 Fresh broad bean/Fresh maize-Fresh maize
	S4: 鲜食蚕豆/鲜食玉米-鲜食大豆 Fresh broad bean/Fresh maize-Fresh soybean

地区 Region	冬季作物 Winter crop	品种 Variety	密度 Density (×10⁴ plants hm^-2)	其他作物 Other crops	品种 Variety	密度 Density (×10⁴ plants hm^-2)
四川仁寿 Renshou, Sichuan	小麦 Wheat	蜀麦969 Shumai 969	240	玉米 Maize	荣玉1210 Rongyu 1210	6
	饲草油菜 Forage rape	德选油 569 Dexuanyou 569	18	大豆 Soybean	南豆 25 Nandou 25	15
	马铃薯 Potato	费乌瑞它 Feiwuruita	10	—	—	—
湖北恩施Enshi, Hubei	饲草油菜 Forage rape	大地199 Dadi 199	4.5	玉米 Maize	青青500 Qingqing 500	4.5
	马铃薯 Potato	鄂马铃薯10号 Emalingshu 10	5.5	春大豆 Spring soybean	05-48	12
	油菜 Rape	大地199 Dadi 199	1.5	夏大豆 Summer soybean	十月黄 Shiyuehuang	12
湖南湘阴Xiangyin, Hunan	油菜 Rape	沣油823 Fengyou 823	25	玉米 Maize	登海605 Denghai 605	6
	饲草油菜 Forage rape	油肥1号 Youfei 1	25	春大豆 Spring soybean	湘春豆24 Xiangchundou 24	16.5
	—	—	—	夏大豆 Summer soybean	中豆41 Zhongdou 41	16.5
	—	—	—	秋大豆 Autumn soybean	湘春豆24 Xiangchundou 24	25
江西南昌Nanchang, Jiangxi	油菜 Rape	沣油730 Fengyou 730	30	玉米 Maize	登海605 Denghai 605	6
	马铃薯 Potato	田园春 Tianyuanchun	2.5	春大豆 Spring soybean	天隆2号 Tianlong 2	12
	黑麦草 Ryegrass	鑫大叶 Xindaye	850	夏大豆 Summer soybean	南豆12 Nandou 12	12
江苏如皋Rugao, Jiangsu	小麦 Wheat	扬麦16 Yangmai 16	240	鲜食玉米 Fresh maize	苏玉糯14 Suyunuo 14	6
江苏如皋Rugao, Jiangsu	鲜食蚕豆 Fresh broad bean	通蚕鲜7号 Tongcanxian 7	7.5	鲜食大豆 Fresh soybean	通豆6号 Tongdou 6	15

地区 Region	种植模式 Patterns	第1熟 1st mature		第2熟 2nd mature		第3熟 3rd mature		第4熟 4th mature
地区 Region	种植模式 Patterns	播种日期 Sowing date	收获日期 Harvest date	播种日期 Sowing date	收获日期 Harvest date	播种日期 Sowing date	收获日期 Harvest date	播种日期 Sowing date	收获日期 Harvest date
四川仁寿Renshou, Sichuan	C1	11/1	5/15	5/16	9/14	—	—	—	—
	C2	11/1	5/15	5/16	9/14	6/5	10/31	—	—
	C3	11/1	3/30	4/1	7/31	6/5	10/31	—	—
	C4	12/1	4/20	4/21	8/20	6/5	10/31	—	—
湖北恩施Enshi, Hubei	B1	11/4	5/16	6/5	9/12	7/8	11/3	—	—
	B2	10/30	4/16	4/19	8/12	4/29	8/5	—	—
	B3	12/27	6/7	4/19	9/12	7/8	11/3	—	—
湖南湘阴Xiangyin, Hunan	N1	10/10	5/5	5/24	9/27	5/24	9/29	—	—
	N2	11/18	3/23	4/6	7/27	5/24	9/29	—	—
	N3	11/18	3/23	4/6	7/27	4/16	7/21	8/5	11/10
江西南昌Nanchang, Jiangxi	X1	1/13	5/24	4/6	7/25	6/14	11/5	—	—
	X2	11/25	4/25	6/14	8/30	6/14	11/5	—	—
	X3	11/25	3/18	4/6	7/25	6/14	11/5	—	—
	X4	11/25	3/18	4/6	7/25	4/6	7/13	—	—
江苏如皋Rugao, Jiangsu	S1	11/7	6/1	6/27	9/5	7/29	10/28	—	—
	S2	11/7	6/1	6/27	9/5	7/29	10/21	—	—
	S3	11/7	5/22	4/4	7/18	7/29	10/28	—	—
	S4	11/7	5/22	4/4	7/18	7/29	10/21	—	—

种植模式 Cropping pattern	项目 Item	2017	2018	2019	2020	平均 Mean
C1	需水量Water demand (mm)	637.9	645.4	631.4	751.4	666.5
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	443.0	513.9	487.9	517.3	490.5
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-194.9	-131.5	-143.5	-234.1	-176.0
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	69.5	79.6	77.3	68.8	73.8
C2	需水量Water demand (mm)	639.1	657.9	645.1	750.9	673.2
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	460.2	531.9	511.2	525.7	507.2
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-179.0	-126.0	-133.9	-225.1	-166.0
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	72.0	80.8	79.3	70.0	75.5
C3	需水量Water demand (mm)	553.4	567.5	570.1	642.3	583.3
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	400.9	425.0	440.7	441.4	427.0
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-152.6	-142.5	-129.4	-200.8	-156.3
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	72.4	74.9	77.3	68.7	73.3
C4	需水量Water demand (mm)	552.8	546.5	532.5	632.0	565.9
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	410.2	453.0	441.7	447.9	438.2
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-142.6	-93.5	-90.8	-184.1	-127.7
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	74.2	82.9	83.0	70.9	77.7

Characteristics of water supply-demand equilibrium and water production benefits of the dryland multiple cropping patterns in the Yangtze River basin

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肥料 Fertilizer	玉米(鲜食) Maize (fresh)	大豆(鲜食) Soybean (fresh)	小麦 Wheat		饲草油菜 Forage rape	马铃薯 Potato	黑麦草 Ryegrass	鲜食蚕豆 Fresh broad bean
四川仁寿Renshou, Sichuan
尿素 Urea	489	0	326	—	293	326	—	—
过磷酸钙(含P₂O₅12%) Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O	625	375	90	—	375	250	—	—
氯化钾(含K₂O 60%) KCl	125	0	90	—	75	250	—	—
湖北恩施Enshi, Hubei
复合肥Complex fertilizer (15%N-15%P-15%K)	60	30	—	50	50	50	—	—
生物有机肥Bio-organic fertilizer	50	0	—	50	100	100	—	—
尿铵磷(含N 29%, P₂O₅12%) Urine ammonium phosphate	100	0	—	0	100	100	—	—
湖南湘阴Xiangyin, Hunan
尿素 Urea	300	75	—	150	75	—	—	—
复合肥Complex fertilizer (15%N-15%P-15%K)	600	225	—	600	0	—	—	—
钙镁磷肥(含P 15%) Calcium magnesium phosphate	750	750	—	750	0	—	—	—
江西南昌Nanchang, Jiangxi
尿素 Urea	0	0	—	450	—	750	0
复合肥Complex fertilizer (15%N-15%P-15%K)	391	75	—	112	—	0	0	—
过磷酸钙(含P₂O₅12%) Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O	600	600	—	0	—	0	0	—
氯化钾(含K₂O 60%) KCl	150	150	—	0	—	0	0	—
江苏如皋Rugao, Jiangsu
尿素 Urea	375	225	175	—	—	—	—	375
复合肥Complex fertilizer (15%N-15%P-15%K)	600	0	200	—	—	—	—	0

种植模式 Cropping pattern	项目 Item	2017	2018	2019	2020	平均 Mean
B1	需水量Water demand (mm)	573.4	562.5	529.0	516.0	545.2
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	525.2	443.8	477.0	467.0	478.2
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-48.1	-118.8	-52.0	-49.0	-67.0
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	91.6	78.9	90.2	90.5	87.8
B2	需水量Water demand (mm)	572.4	536.9	519.6	515.8	536.2
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	525.2	472.2	463.5	433.3	473.5
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-47.2	-64.7	-56.1	-82.6	-62.7
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	91.8	88.0	89.2	84.0	88.2
B3	需水量Water demand (mm)	512.9	515.6	461.7	445.1	483.8
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	478.3	463.6	419.1	406.5	441.9
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-34.6	-52.0	-42.6	-38.6	-41.9
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	93.3	89.9	90.8	91.3	91.3

种植模式 Cropping pattern	项目 Item	2017	2018	2019	2020	平均 Mean
N1	需水量Water demand (mm)	736.4	798.0	721.7	708.6	741.2
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	607.3	588.2	532.4	648.3	594.0
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-129.2	-209.9	-189.3	-60.3	-147.1
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	82.5	73.7	73.8	91.5	80.4
N2	需水量Water demand (mm)	645.1	665.6	591.4	587.1	622.3
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	600.7	552.5	471.8	557.8	545.7
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-44.4	-113.1	-119.6	-29.2	-76.6
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	93.1	83.0	79.8	95.0	87.7
N3	需水量Water demand (mm)	874.7	898.7	831.5	803.6	852.1
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	799.8	718.7	636.1	747.0	725.4
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-74.9	-180.0	-195.4	-56.5	-126.7
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	91.4	80.0	76.5	93.0	85.2

种植模式 Cropping pattern	项目 Item	2017	2018	2019	2020	平均 Mean
X1	需水量Water demand (mm)	417.7	446.9	480.2	405.6	437.6
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	385.1	418.9	438.7	374.8	404.4
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-32.5	-28.0	-41.5	-30.8	-33.2
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	92.2	93.7	91.4	92.4	92.4
X2	需水量Water demand (mm)	448.4	474.1	561.4	424.2	477.0
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	406.0	431.5	429.7	356.8	406.0
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-42.4	-42.6	-131.7	-67.3	-71.0
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	90.5	91.0	76.5	84.1	85.6
种植模式 Cropping pattern	项目 Item	2017	2018	2019	2020	平均 Mean
X3	需水量Water demand (mm)	451.7	472.1	500.3	441.1	466.3
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	403.8	430.2	403.6	375.0	403.2
	盈亏量Deficiency(mm)	-47.9	-41.9	-96.6	-66.1	-63.1
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	89.4	91.1	80.7	85.0	86.6
X4	需水量Water demand (mm)	442.0	436.9	423.5	429.1	432.9
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	395.4	395.8	382.6	363.4	384.3
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-46.6	-41.1	-41.0	-65.7	-48.6
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	89.5	90.6	90.3	84.7	88.8

种植模式 Cropping pattern	项目 Item	2017	2018	2019	2020	平均 Mean
S1	需水量Water demand (mm)	582.1	559.3	592.2	545.4	569.8
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	505.6	487.3	418.6	523.5	483.7
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-76.5	-72.0	-173.7	-21.9	-86.0
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	86.9	87.1	70.7	96.0	85.2
S2	需水量Water demand (mm)	589.6	571.3	602.6	555.1	579.6
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	511.8	506.3	424.6	531.3	493.5
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-77.7	-65.0	-178.0	-23.8	-86.1
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	86.8	88.6	70.5	95.7	85.4
S3	需水量Water demand (mm)	564.2	594.0	591.8	509.5	564.9
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	503.1	516.3	488.0	471.5	494.7
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-61.1	-77.6	-103.7	-38.1	-70.1
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	89.2	86.9	82.5	92.5	87.8
S4	需水量Water demand (mm)	588.6	631.9	583.9	550.1	588.6
	耗水量Water consumption (mm)	533.3	562.4	500.7	528.5	531.2
	盈亏量Deficiency (mm)	-55.3	-69.5	-83.2	-21.7	-57.4
	水分满足率Water satisfy rate (%)	90.6	89.0	85.8	96.1	90.4

地区 Region	种植模式 Cropping pattern	2017	2018	2019	2020	平均 Mean
四川仁寿 Renshou, Sichuan	C1	14,782.7	13,217.3	14,898.1	14,132.2	14,257.6 d
	C2	17,478.0	17,040.5	16,161.6	16,147.8	16,707.0 c
	C3	18,996.4	20,438.0	18,609.9	19,453.5	19,374.5 b
	C4	26,060.5	25,081.3	25,502.2	21,002.4	24,411.6 a
湖北恩施 Enshi, Hubei	B1	16,726.3	18,403.6	18,563.9	24,666.0	19,590.0 c
	B2	19,137.3	16,471.1	18,922.0	28,159.4	20,672.4 b
	B3	21,684.9	26,342.1	24,064.8	23,657.0	23,937.2 a
湖南湘阴 Xiangyin, Hunan	N1	11,626.6	12,350.8	13,593.5	14,508.5	13,019.9 a
	N2	12,523.0	12,774.0	10,478.0	13,899.0	12,418.5 a
	N3	11,145.4	14,875.4	13,318.4	14,215.1	13,388.6 a
江西南昌 Nanchang, Jiangxi	X1	11,313.7	21,516.4	25,112.8	16,966.0	18,727.2 a
	X2	12,386.1	10,763.6	9578.8	6337.3	9766.4 c
	X3	8813.9	6043.9	11,807.1	8824.9	8872.5 d
	X4	10,038.4	7679.2	11,847.8	11,100.3	10,166.4 b
江苏如皋 Rugao, Jiangsu	S1	25,378.4	26,777.3	28,487.8	30,542.7	27,796.5 d
	S2	29,544.1	30,430.8	29,975.8	36,855.7	31,701.6 c
	S3	32,292.9	30,439.9	36,065.5	34,817.7	33,404.0 b
	S4	35,090.5	34,012.3	36,823.3	43,326.7	37,313.2 a