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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (11): 2908-2919.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.23005

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effect of potassium application on vascular tissue structure and material transport properties in summer maize (Zea mays L.)

SONG Jie1(), REN Hao1, ZHAO Bin1, ZHANG Ji-Wang1, REN Bai-Zhao1, LI Liang2, WANG Shao-Xiang2, HUANG Jin-Ling2, LIU Peng1,*()   

  1. 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/ College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2Dongping County Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Tai’an 271500, Shandong, China
  • Received:2022-01-11 Accepted:2022-05-05 Online:2022-11-12 Published:2022-05-23
  • Contact: LIU Peng E-mail:1253500871@qq.com;liup@sdau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    The Shandong Province Key Research and Development Program(LJNY202103);The Shandong Agriculture Research System(SDAIT-02-08)

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Abstract:

Field experiments were conducted at the Dongping Agricultural Science Institute, Tai’an city, Shandong province from 2020 to 2021, using Denghai 605 (DH605) as the experimental material. The objective of the study is to explore the effects of K application on vascular system structure and material transport properties in summer maize, five K2O application rates of 0 kg hm-2 (K0), 150 kg hm-2 (K1), 225 kg hm-2 (K2), 300 kg hm-2 (K3), and 375 kg hm-2 (K4) were set under uniform N and P fertilizer rates (N 225 kg hm-2 and P2O5 110 kg hm-2). The results showed that maize leaf thickness, leaf vein cross-sectional area, and xylem area increased and then decreased with the increase of K application rates, and reached the maximum at K3 treatment. K application significantly increased the cross-sectional area, the number and area of small and big vascular bundles at the basal stalk and ear-pedicel in maize. The ratio of stalk vascular area to cross-sectional area reached the highest value at K2 treatment, while the ratio of ear-pedicel vascular was significantly higher in K2 and K4 treatments than in other treatments. The number and area of vascular bundles of ear-axis revealed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with K fertilization, and the total area of vascular bundles was significantly higher in K2 and K3 treatments than in other treatments. K application significantly increased the bleeding intensity of stem and ear-pedicel, both of which were the highest under K2 treatment at filling stage. Correlation analysis revealed that the total area and number of vascular bundles of the stem, the total area and total number of vascular bundles of the ear-pedicel were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. The total area of vascular bundles of ear-axis were significantly and positively correlated with 1000-grain weight. In conclusion, K2 conditions promoted the development of the vascular systems in the leaves, stems, and ears of maize, increased the bleeding sap, and enhanced the fluidity of the “flow” system, thus improving grain yield in summer maize.

Key words: potassium application, summer maize, vascular bundles, bleeding intensity, grain yield

Table 1

Effects of different potassium fertilizers on yield and yield components of summer maize"

年份 Year 处理
Treatment		 单位面积穗数
Ear number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains number
(Grain per ear)		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield (t hm-2)
2020 K0 6.52±0.07 a 558.28±3.71 c 324.03±0.15 c 11.79±0.10 c
K1 6.62±0.13 a 581.18±9.69 ab 346.07±4.39 a 13.34±0.32 a
K2 6.56±0.04 a 590.29±4.31 a 351.15±2.56 a 13.59±0.15 a
K3 6.62±0.10 a 575.71±6.71 b 336.02±1.03 b 12.79±0.30 b
K4 6.58±0.04 a 584.44±4.66 ab 333.97±2.37 b 12.84±0.20 b
2021 K0 6.54±0.78 a 544.05±2.64 b 326.38±1.29 b 11.61±0.44 c
K1 6.42±0.16 a 564.08±17.58 a 342.28±5.23 a 12.65±0.32 b
K2 6.61±0.17 a 557.32±15.11 a 338.16±1.58 a 13.43±0.53 a
K3 6.48±0.10 a 574.65±15.97 a 334.39±6.35 a 12.50±0.24 b
K4 6.62±0.21 a 581.56±14.62 a 326.76±3.46 b 12.58±0.13 b

Fig. 1

Cross-section of maize ear leaf of different treatments at silking stage in 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Bar: 50 µm."

Table 2

Effects of different potassium fertilizers on ear leaf microstructure of summer maize at silking stage"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 上表皮厚度
Upper epidermis thickness (μm)		 下表皮厚度
Under epidermis thickness (μm)		 叶片厚度
Leaf thickness
(μm)		 叶脉横截面积
Cross section area of veins (μm2)		 叶脉木质部面积
Xylem area of veins
(μm2)
2020 K0 20.09±0.91 b 15.03±0.49 c 74.01±3.25 c 2961.24±13.62 c 326.34±9.25 c
K1 19.82±0.40 b 15.06±0.82 c 80.52±1.76 b 3220.31±61.25 b 354.63±21.39 b
K2 21.22±1.61 a 16.57±0.27 a 88.75±2.51 a 3516.26±24.56 a 407.36±15.57 a
K3 20.69±0.33 a 15.55±0.53 b 84.50±1.75 a 3385.21±72.65 a 396.93±13.68 a
K4 21.13±1.07 a 15.96±0.18 b 87.75±2.58 a 3551.31±47.34 a 409.61±21.29 a
2021 K0 15.15±0.37 c 11.25±0.22 d 88.86±0.88 c 2316.71±35.35 c 277.44±13.64 d
K1 16.82±0.38 b 15.55±0.42 a 113.86±1.55 b 2655.25±37.03 b 293.59±16.53 c
K2 19.68±0.38 a 15.08±0.68 ab 111.07±1.23 b 2750.35±59.88 b 371.00±10.98 b
K3 16.89±0.39 b 12.55±10.31 c 120.70±3.13 a 3539.24±52.28 a 417.32±14.75 a
K4 20.69±0.25 a 14.22±0.33 b 112.05±1.86 b 3431.80±68.34 a 364.56±12.26 b

Fig. 2

Effect of potassium application on net photosynthesis rate in summer maize Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level among different treatments."

Fig. 3

Structure of small vascular bundle (A) and big vascular bundle (B) of the third stem under different treatments at silking stage in maize in 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Bar: 500 µm."

Table 3

Effect of different potassium applications on the anatomical structure of the third stem at filling stage in maize"

年份 Year 处理
Treatment		 N1 N2 N0 Stotal (mm2) N0/Stotal A1 (mm2) A2 (mm2) A0 (mm2) A0/Stotal (%)
2020
K0
196.64±
9.82 b		 227.83±
4.91 c		 424.45±
10.27 c		 320.03±
12.31 d		 1.33±
0.04 a		 0.101±
0.004 c		 0.071±
0.007 c		 36.03±
1.36 c		 11.26±
0.79 c
K1
198.87±
5.40 b		 254.75±
7.80 b		 453.62±
8.59 b		 337.77±
7.68 c		 1.34±
0.02 a		 0.116±
0.006 b		 0.091±
0.001 a		 46.25±
1.05 b		 13.69±
0.83 ab
K2
226.01±
11.32 a		 272.88±
10.06 a		 498.88±
12.58 a		 369.41±
13.28 a		 1.35±
0.05 a		 0.121±
0.005 a		 0.102±
0.005 a		 55.18±
2.36 a		 14.94±
1.02 a
K3
232.67±
12.31 a		 284.28±
6.28 a		 516.95±
9.75 a		 389.6±
11.94 b		 1.33±
0.03 a		 0.111±
0.006 b		 0.075±
0.004 bc		 47.15±
1.37 b		 12.10±
1.24 b
K4
229.09±
11.34 a		 255.04±
14.03 b		 484.13±
15.29 a		 364.25±
8.75 b		 1.33±
0.02 a		 0.113±
0.004 b		 0.086±
0.005 b		 47.82±
2.96 b		 13.13±
0.91 b
2021
K0
180.85±
3.73 b		 263.73±
9.31 b		 448.29±
15.38 c		 322.19±
6.64 b		 1.39±
0.06 a		 0.106±
0.007 c		 0.080±
0.003 c		 40.57±
2.10 d		 12.58±
0.47 d
K1
198.84±
10.89 ab		 265.27±
8.55 b		 464.11±
17.49 b		 354.22±
19.41 ab		 1.32±
0.03 a		 0.145±
0.005 a		 0.114±
0.003 a		 59.07±
2.31 b		 16.74±
0.36 a
K2
220.17±
12.53 a		 297.07±
10.44 a		 518.89±
7.31 a		 392.21±
22.33 a		 1.33±
0.05 a		 0.153±
0.015 a		 0.116±
0.002 a		 68.33±
2.41 a		 16.95±
0.05 a
K3
200.27±
5.59 ab		 284.58±
6.79 ab		 482.17±
11.75 ab		 374.41±
10.45 ab		 1.29±
0.02 a		 0.123±
0.007 b		 0.091±
0.004 bc		 50.28±
1.23 c		 13.44±
0.15 c
K4
199.38±
4.87 ab		 292.06±
9.54 ab		 491.44±
11.04 ab		 372.76±
20.65 ab		 1.33±
0.04 a		 0.141±
0.009 a		 0.098±
0.005 b		 56.73±
1.56 b		 15.31±
0.40 b

Fig. 4

Effect of different potassium applications on stem bleeding intensity of summer maize in 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. R1: silking stage; R2: filling stage. Different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level among different treatments."

Fig. 5

Structure of small vascular bundle (A) and big vascular bundle (B) of maize ear-pedicel under different treatments at filling stage in 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Bar: 500 µm."

Table 4

Effect of different potassium applications on the anatomical structure of ear-pedicel at filling stage in maize"

年份
Year		 处理 Treatment N1 N2 N0 Stotal (mm2) N0/Stotal A1 (mm2) A2 (mm2) A0 (mm2) A0/Stotal (%)
2020
K0
55.93±
1.38 c		 138.56±
2.34 d		 194.50±
3.68 c		 125.47±
2.17 c		 1.55±
0.04 b		 0.083±
0.004 c		 0.067±
0.001 c		 13.93±
0.67 c		 11.10±
0.75 c
K1
65.52±
3.27 b		 153.84±
5.37 c		 219.37±
5.87 b		 137.64±
5.78 b		 1.59±
0.02 b		 0.096±
0.005 b		 0.086±
0.001 b		 19.52±
0.85 b		 14.18±
1.01 b
K2
82.44±
6.21 a		 177.23±
4.28 b		 256.68±
9.21 a		 149.25±
3.73 a		 1.74±
0.01 a		 0.105±
0.005 ab		 0.093±
0.002 a		 25.14±
1.47 a		 16.84±
0.98 a
K3
75.34±
4.28 ab		 170.22±
4.35 b		 245.56±
7.91 a		 147.58±
5.32 a		 1.66±
0.06 a		 0.098±
0.004 b		 0.086±
0.006 b		 22.02±
1.25 ab		 14.92±
0.84 b
K4
74.92±
4.38 ab		 190.66±
2.29 a		 265.57±
5.41 a		 156.87±
4.73 a		 1.69±
0.05 a		 0.118±
0.006 a		 0.098±
0.003 a		 27.52±
0.39 a		 17.55±
0.51 a
2021
K0
73.46±
3.98 c		 194.85±
6.72 b		 268.32±
8.28 c		 130.86±
5.74 b		 2.05±
0.02 a		 0.078±
0.004 b		 0.066±
0.005 b		 18.59±
1.34 c		 14.21±
0.25 c
K1
76.44±
4.36 b		 207.10±
5.82 b		 283.54±
9.32 b		 136.17±
3.15 b		 2.08±
0.03 a		 0.098±
0.006 a		 0.065±
0.006 b		 20.95±
1.95 c		 15.38±
0.67 b
K2
88.78±
5.29 a		 243.37±
9.53 a		 332.15±
13.27 a		 158.17±
3.57 a		 2.10±
0.05 a		 0.108±
0.005 a		 0.073±
0.005 ab		 27.44±
1.57 b		 17.35±
0.53 a
K3
87.40±
6.29 a		 237.99±
12.45 a		 325.39±
16.28 a		 163.40±
1.85 a		 1.99±
0.06 a		 0.100±
0.005 a		 0.071±
0.064 b		 25.64±
2.19 b		 15.69±
0.64 b
K4
88.13±
2.98 a		 256.11±
8.29 a		 344.23±
11.77 a		 164.76±
2.34 a		 2.09±
0.04 a		 0.109±
0.004 a		 0.080±
0.005 a		 30.01±
2.41 a		 18.21±
0.71 a

Fig. 6

Effect of different potassium applications on ear-pedicel bleeding intensity of summer maize in 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. R1: silking stage; R2: filling stage. Different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level among different treatments."

Table 5

Effect of different potassium applications on the anatomical structure of summer maize ear-axis at filling stage in 2021"

处理 Treatment N1 N2 A1 (mm2) A1 (mm2) A01 (mm2) A01 (mm2) A0 (mm2)
K0 67.12±2.52 c 76.32±1.63 c 0.187±0.01 c 0.035±0.01 ab 12.59±0.15 c 2.66±0.06 c 15.19±0.51 c
K1 70.67±4.81 c 88.51±2.54 b 0.199±0.02 b 0.037±0.01 a 14.06±0.10 bc 3.25±0.44 bc 17.32±01.21 c
K2 90.32±4.12 ab 106.35±4.48 a 0.214±0.10 a 0.038±0.01 a 19.47±0.88 a 4.41±0.28 a 23.88±0.80 a
K3 95.33±2.52 a 110.35±5.74 a 0.211±0.08 a 0.037±0.01 a 20.04±0.54 a 3.95±0.32 ab 23.99±0.31 a
K4 78.67±7.43 bc 113.54±3.21 a 0.207±0.01 a 0.033±0.01 b 16.28±1.53 b 4.16±0.19 ab 20.44±1.52 b

Table 6

Correlation analysis of vascular bundle structures and yield traits"

参数
Parameter		 茎秆维管束
总数
Number of total Vb		 茎秆维管束
总面积
Total area of Vb		 穗柄维管束
总数目
Number of total Vb		 穗柄维管束总面积
Total area of Vb		 穗轴大维管束数目
Number of big Vb		 穗轴小维管束数目
Number of small Vb		 穗轴维管束
总面积
Total area of Vb
茎秆维管束总面积
Total area of Vb		 0.827
穗柄维管束总数目
Number of total Vb		 0.853 0.570
穗柄维管束总面积
Total area of Vb		 0.839 0.589 0.991**
穗轴大维管束数目
Number of big Vb		 0.741 0.418 0.748 0.655
穗轴小维管束数目
Number of small Vb		 0.793 0.536 0.979** 0.956** 0.797
穗轴维管束总面积
Total area of Vb		 0.851 0.569 0.840 0.767 0.980** 0.870
每公顷穗数
Ear numbers		 0.031 0.268 0.137 0.259 -0.504 0.096 -0.436
穗粒数
Grains numbers		 0.403 0.357 0.607 0.672 0.027 0.555 0.115
千粒重
1000-kernel weight		 0.837 0.639 0.817 0.737 0.989** 0.839 0.991**
籽粒产量
Grain yield		 0.882* 0.972** 0.934* 0.937* 0.765 0.912* 0.777
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