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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (7): 1070-1079.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.81089

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

旱地全膜覆土穴播荞麦田土壤水热及产量效应研究

方彦杰,张绪成(),于显枫,侯慧芝,王红丽,马一凡   

  1. 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 / 甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州730070
  • 收稿日期:2018-12-14 接受日期:2019-04-15 出版日期:2019-07-12 网络出版日期:2019-04-18
  • 通讯作者: 张绪成
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31760367);国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B04);甘肃省农业科学院农业科技创新专项计划(2017GAAS27)

Effects of whole soil-plastic mulching with hole-sowing on soil temperature, moisture and yield of buckwheat in aridlands

FANG Yan-Jie,ZHANG Xu-Cheng(),YU Xian-Feng,HOU Hui-Zhi,WANG Hong-Li,MA Yi-Fan   

  1. Institute of Dry-Land Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2018-12-14 Accepted:2019-04-15 Published:2019-07-12 Published online:2019-04-18
  • Contact: Xu-Cheng ZHANG
  • Supported by:
    The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760367);the National Science and Technology Research Projects of China(2015BAD22B04);the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of GAAS(2017GAAS27)

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摘要：

2015—2017年在西北黄土高原半干旱区设全膜覆土穴播(FMS)和露地穴播(CK) 2种种植方式, 研究西北黄土高原全膜覆土穴播对旱地荞麦农田土壤水分和温度、产量及水分利用效率的影响, 为寻求半干旱区荞麦高产高效的技术途径提供理论依据。结果表明, FMS较CK使荞麦苗期提前2.0~2.7 d, 分枝期提前2~3 d, 现蕾期提前0~1.7 d, 而灌浆期延长4.7~7.0 d。全膜覆土穴播(FMS)提高平水年(2015)和欠水年(2016)荞麦农田的土壤贮水量, 较CK增加16.9 mm和25.59 mm, 提高2.91%和5.79%, 差异显著(P<0.05), 但丰水年(2017)处理间差异不显著。在平水年和丰水年, 0~25 cm土壤平均温度FMS较CK分别增加2.27℃和2.20℃, 但是在高温干旱年, FMS分枝期至灌浆期明显低于CK, 全生育期内0~25 cm土壤平均温度FMS较CK降低。成熟期FMS干物质量较CK增加13.46%~137.87%, 叶面积指数增加16.22%~52.55%, 株高增加12.78%~48.91%, 单株粒重增加33.39%~60.90%, 籽粒饱满率提高8.48%~9.14%。3年全膜覆土穴播荞麦生育期0~300 cm土壤耗水量增加3.89%, 但差异不显著, 产量增加7.26%~95.25%, 水分利用效率提高7.59%~87.08%, 差异显著(P<0.05), 而且越干旱年份增产增效愈加明显。全膜覆土穴播能够提高荞麦播前土壤贮水量, 降低高温时段的土壤温度, 延长灌浆期, 显著提高叶面积指数和生物量, 促进荞麦植株发育, 使得产量和水分利用效率明显升高。

关键词: 半干旱区, 荞麦, 全膜覆土穴播, 土壤水分, 土壤温度, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

To provide a theoretical basis for exploring a high-yield and high-efficiency technique for buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum [L.] Gaertn.) in semiarid areas of China, we carried out long-term field experiments (2015 to 2017) at the Dingxi Experiment Station of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. Two planting patterns, namely whole field soil-plastic mulching with hole-sowing (FMS), and hole-sowing on bare soils (CK), were set to investigate the effects of FMS on soil temperature, moisture, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of buckwheat. Compared with CK, FMS advanced seedling stage of buckwheat 2.0 to 2.7 days earlier, branching stage 2 to 3 days earlier, and budding stage 0 to 1.7 days earlier, and extended the filling stage 4.7 to 7.0 days longer. FMS increased soil water storage (SWS) of 0 to 300 cm layer in normal (2015) and dry years (2016) by 2.91% (16.9 mm) and 5.79% (25.59 mm) (P < 0.05), respectively. However, no significant difference was found between them in the wet year of 2017. FMS increased average soil temperature (Ts) in 0-25 cm layer by 2.27℃ and 2.20℃ in normal and wet years, respectively. While in dry year with higher temperature, FMS lowered Ts during branching to filling stages. Similarly, FMS appreciably decreased seasonal mean Ts of 0 to 25 cm layer compared with CK. At maturity, FMS increased dry matter weight (DM) by 13.46% to 137.87%, leaf area index (LAI) by 16.22% to 52.55%, plant height by 12.78% to 48.91%, grain weight per plant by 33.39% to 60.90%, and grain plumpness rates by 8.48% to 9.14%. On average, FMS increased crop water consumption in 0 to 300 cm soil layer by 3.89% during the three consecutive years, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, FMS increased yield by 7.26% to 95.25%, and WUE by 7.59% to 87.08% (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the high-yield and high-efficiency of FMS were more significant during drier years. In conclusion, FMS could increase SWS prior to sowing, decrease Ts during high-temperature periods, prolong filling stage, and markedly increase LAI and DM, resulting in the promoted the development of plants, and the significantly enhanced yield and WUE of buckwheat.

Key words: semi-arid area, buckwheat, whole field soil-plastic mulching with hole-sowing, soil water, soil temperature, water use efficiency

图1

荞麦生育期降雨和气温变化"

图2

全膜覆土穴播对荞麦生育进程的影响 FMS: 全膜覆土穴播种植; CK: 露地穴播种植。"

图3

荞麦生育期0~300 cm土层土壤贮水量变化 FMS: 全膜覆土穴播种植; CK: 露地穴播种植。"

图4

荞麦不同生长时期0~300 cm土层土壤含水量变化 FMS: 全膜覆土穴播种植; CK: 露地穴播种植。"

图5

荞麦生育阶段0~25 cm土壤平均温度变化 FMS: 全膜覆土穴播种植; CK:露地穴播种植; SO~SE: 播种到苗期; SE~BR: 苗期到分枝期; BR~FL: 分枝期到花期; FL~FI: 花期到灌浆期; FI~MA: 灌浆期到成熟期。"

表1

全膜覆土穴播对荞麦单株地上部分干物质积累的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 苗期
Seeding		 分枝期
Branching		 花期
Flowering		 灌浆期
Filling		 成熟期
Maturity
2015 FMS 0.61 a 2.82 a 6.43 a 13.05 a 20.09 a
CK 0.30 b 1.40 b 4.66 b 10.88 b 17.71 b
2016 FMS 0.69 a 2.92 a 6.37 a 11.47 a 17.69 a
CK 0.27 b 0.75 b 2.57 b 6.34 b 7.44 b
2017 FMS 0.99 a 2.37 a 6.67 a 11.48 a 20.04 a
CK 0.42 b 0.84 b 3.71 b 6.80 b 16.93 b

表2

不同生育期荞麦叶面积指数(LAI)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 分枝期
Branching		 花期
Flowering		 灌浆期
Filling		 成熟期
Maturity
2015 全膜覆土穴播种植FMS 3.28 a 5.51 a 5.31 a 3.71 a
露地穴播种植CK 2.10 b 5.23 b 4.70 b 3.29 b
2016 全膜覆土穴播种植FMS 1.94 a 4.63 a 3.36 a 2.02 a
露地穴播种植CK 1.59 a 2.18 b 3.07 b 1.84 b
2017 全膜覆土穴播种植FMS 3.24 a 5.55 a 4.81 a 3.85 a
露地穴播种植CK 1.48 b 3.62 b 3.52 b 2.82 b

表3

荞麦生育期生长性状特征"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 成穗数
Spike number
(1×104 plant hm-2)		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 籽粒位高
Ear height
(cm)		 单株粒重
Grain weight per plant (g)		 籽粒饱满率
Full grain rate
(%)		 倒伏率
Lodging rate (%)
2015 FMS 175.19 a 157.35 a 30.62 b 7.11 a 89.20 a 76.67 a
CK 180.97 a 139.52 a 61.47 a 5.33 b 81.73 a 0.00 b
2016 FMS 188.23 a 127.35 a 29.42 b 5.31 a 57.32 a 0.00 a
CK 196.73 a 85.52 b 37.39 a 3.30 b 52.84 a 0.00 a
2017 FMS 203.29 a 125.88 a 24.50 b 6.42 a 80.58 a 0.00 a
CK 212.47 a 104.64 a 46.10 a 4.01 b 74.01 a 0.00 a

表4

不同处理荞麦产量、耗水量及水分利用效率"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 耗水量
Evapotranspiration (mm)		 产量
Grain yield (kg hm-2)		 WUE
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
2015 全膜覆土穴播种植FMS 416.95 a 2774.72 a 6.65 a
露地穴播种植CK 418.23 a 2587.01 b 6.19 b
2016 全膜覆土穴播种植FMS 303.27 a 2158.22 a 7.12 a
露地穴播种植CK 290.56 a 1105.31 b 3.80 b
2017 全膜覆土穴播种植FMS 237.69 a 2712.78 a 11.41 a
露地穴播种植CK 213.25 b 2038.16 b 9.56 b

表5

年份和种植方式对产量及WUE的方差分析"

项目
Item		 变异来源
Source of variation		 自由度
df		 平方和
Sum of squares		 均方
Mean square		 F值
F-value		 P值
P-value
产量
Yield		 年份Year (A) 2 3493929 1746965 129.2720 0.0001
种植方式Planting patterns (B) 1 1834078 1834078 135.7190 0.0001
A×B 2 564370 282185.1 20.8810 0.0001
水分利用效率
WUE		 年份Year (A) 2 85.3929 42.6965 129.2720 0.0001
种植方式Planting patterns (B) 1 15.9989 15.9989 135.7190 0.0001
A×B 2 6.1080 3.0540 20.8810 0.0001
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