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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 395-407.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.94074

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

增密减氮对棉花干物质和氮素积累分配及产量的影响

王士红1,2,杨中旭2,史加亮3,李海涛2,宋宪亮1,*(),孙学振1,*()   

  1. 1．山东农业大学农学院 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
    2. 聊城市农业科学研究院, 山东聊城 252000
    3. 德州市农业科学研究院, 山东德州 253000
  • 收稿日期:2019-05-15 接受日期:2019-09-26 出版日期:2020-03-12 网络出版日期:2019-10-09
  • 通讯作者: 宋宪亮,孙学振
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wshguyu@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31601253);国家现代农业产业技术体系(棉花)建设专项(CARS-18-37);山东省现代农业产业技术体系(棉花)建设专项(SDAIT-03);山东省自然科学基金项目资助(ZR2016CQ20)

Effects of increasing planting density and decreasing nitrogen rate on dry matter, nitrogen accumulation and distribution, and yield of cotton

Shi-Hong WANG1,2,Zhong-Xu YANG2,Jia-Liang SHI3,Hai-Tao LI2,Xian-Liang SONG1,*(),Xue-Zhen SUN1,*()   

  1. 1. Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;
    2. Liaocheng Academy of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
    3. Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Dezhou 253000, Shandong, China
  • Received:2019-05-15 Accepted:2019-09-26 Published:2020-03-12 Published online:2019-10-09
  • Contact: Xian-Liang SONG,Xue-Zhen SUN
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601253);the China Agriculture Research System (Cotton)(CARS-18-37);the Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System of Cotton Construction in Shandong Province(SDAIT-03);the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2016CQ20)

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摘要：

为了探讨种植密度和施氮量对棉花干物质与氮素积累分配及产量的影响。本研究以聊棉6号为试验材料, 设置5.25、6.75和8.25万株 hm -2(D5.25、D6.75、D8.25) 3个种植密度, 0、105、210、315和420 kg hm -2(N0、N105、N210、N315、N420) 5个施氮量, 研究增密减氮对棉花干物质积累与分配、氮素积累与分配、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明, 与D5.25相比, D6.75、D8.25条件下棉花干物质积累量显著升高, 2016年提高了17.6%、28.7%, 2017年提高了12.6%、20.9%。与N0相比, 施氮肥后干物质积累量随施氮量的增加显著升高, 2016年各施氮处理分别提高了4.5%、11.1%、13.7%、16.3%, 2017年提高了3.6%、13.5%、15.3%、19.8%。棉花氮素吸收与干物质积累动态曲线均符合 Logistic 模型, 2年间棉株氮素最大累积量(Ym)均在D8.25N420处理下获得, 与平均值相比, 棉株氮素最大累积量分别提高了17.3%和23.8%、快速累积持续时间(T)延长了5.2%和9.9%、最大累积速率(Vm)提升11.5%和13.8%, 氮素快速积累期起始时期(t1)比干物质积累分别提早了4.1 d和6.4 d。2016年D5.25N315、D6.75N210、D6.75N105和2017年D5.25N315、D6.75N210处理的棉花产量显著高于其他处理。种植密度和施氮量的互作效应对棉花产量的影响显著, 增密减氮可以获得高产, 推荐本地区棉花种植密度从常规的5.25万株 hm -2增加到6.75万株 hm -2, 施氮量从常规的300 kg hm -2第一年减少为105 kg hm -2, 第二年减少为210 kg hm -2。

关键词: 棉花, 种植密度, 施氮量, 干物质, 产量

Abstract:

A field experiment was conducted using Liaomian 6 with the treatments of three plant densities (5.25×10 4, 6.75×10 4, and 8.25×10 4 plants hm -2), and five nitrogen rates (0, 105, 210, 315, and 420 kg hm -2) in 2016 and 2017. Compared with D5.25, D6.75, and D8.25 dry matter accumulation of cotton significantly increased by 17.6% and 28.7% in 2016, 12.6% and 20.9% in 2017, respectively. Compared with N0, N105, N210, N315, and N420 increased dry matter accumulation by 4.5%, 11.1%, 13.7%, 16.3% in 2016 and 3.6%, 13.5%, 15.3%, 19.8% in 2017, respectively. The dynamic curve of cotton dry matter and nitrogen absorption accumulation conformed to the Logistic model, and the maximal nitrogen accumulation (Ym) was obtained under D8.25 N420 treatment in 2016 and 2017. Compared to the average, the maximal biomass, duration of rapid accumulation (T), the maximal speed of accumulation (Vm) increased by 17.3% and 23.8%, 5.20% and 9.9%, 11.45% and 13.8%, respectively in two years. The starting date of rapid accumulation period (t1) was 4.1 d and 6.4 d earlier for nitrogen than for dry matter, indicating that the nutrient absorption of cotton was the premise of dry matter accumulation. The lint yield of D5.25N315, D6.75N210 and D6.75N105 in 2016 as well as D5.25N315 and D6.75N210 in 2017 was significantly higher than that of other treatments. The interaction effect of planting density and nitrogen application amount significantly affected cotton yield. Increasing planting density and reducing nitrogen application amount can obtain high yield. It is recommended for this region that the cotton planting density should be increased from 5.25×10 4 to 6.75×10 4 plants hm -2, and the amount of nitrogen application decreased from 300 kg hm -2 to 105 kg hm -2in the first year, and then to 210 kg hm -2 in the next year.

Key words: cotton, plant density, nitrogen rate, dry matter, yield

图1

2016年和2017年棉花生长季降雨量、平均气温和日照时数"

表1

不同种植密度和施氮量棉花干物质累积动态特征值"

处理
Treatment		 2016 2017
Ym
(kg hm-2)		 t1
(d)		 t2
(d)		 tm
(d)		 Vm
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 T
(d)		 Ym
(kg hm-2)		 t1
(d)		 t2
(d)		 tm
(d)		 Vm
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 T
(d)
种植密度Plant density (×104 plants hm-2)
D5.25 11363.4 72.1 110.1 91.1 197.3 38.0 11390.2 67.5 108.1 87.8 184.3 40.6
D6.75 14377.1 73.8 116.7 95.3 221.5 42.8 12545.3 66.2 106.7 86.5 203.7 40.6
D8.25 15902.2 72.0 118.7 95.4 225.6 46.7 13935.1 66.1 111.9 89.0 200.5 45.8
施氮量N rate (kg hm-2)
N0 12925.3 73.7 117.0 95.4 195.1 43.3 10891.9 64.6 106.3 85.5 172.0 41.7
N105 13469.8 72.8 116.2 94.5 205.7 43.3 11955.7 65.9 108.2 87.1 186.0 42.3
N210 14235.7 72.8 115.0 94.0 221.2 42.2 12996.6 66.8 109.3 88.0 201.2 42.5
N315 14595.4 72.2 114.7 93.4 225.2 42.5 13117.0 66.9 108.4 87.7 207.9 41.5
N420 14178.2 71.6 112.7 92.2 226.7 41.1 14156.4 68.7 112.2 90.4 213.7 43.6
种植密度×施氮量Plant density×N rate
D5.25×N0 10330.1 72.5 110.7 91.6 178.5 38.1 10044.1 66.2 104.7 85.5 171.8 38.5
D5.25×N105 10976.7 72.2 110.5 91.4 189.5 38.2 10370.4 66.0 105.5 85.7 172.6 39.5
D5.25×N210 11632.4 72.4 109.7 91.0 205.5 37.3 11781.5 67.7 109.0 88.3 187.5 41.3
D5.25×N315 12084.2 71.5 110.2 90.8 206.3 38.6 11908.0 67.9 108.8 88.4 191.4 40.9
D5.25×N420 11793.4 71.7 109.4 90.5 206.7 37.7 12847.2 69.7 112.3 91.0 198.1 42.6
D6.75×N0 13856.2 75.3 120.2 97.8 202.5 44.9 10773.0 64.0 104.7 84.4 174.7 40.7
D6.75×N105 14109.2 74.3 119.1 96.7 207.4 44.8 11976.6 66.2 106.1 86.2 197.7 39.9
D6.75×N210 14215.0 73.1 115.2 94.2 222.7 42.1 12568.9 65.6 105.1 85.4 209.5 39.5
D6.75×N315 15082.1 73.3 115.3 94.3 236.4 42.0 13201.8 66.8 106.9 86.9 217.0 40.1
D6.75×N420 14623.0 73.0 113.5 93.3 238.4 40.4 14206.0 68.1 110.7 89.4 219.4 42.6
D8.25×N0 14589.7 73.3 120.2 96.8 204.4 47.0 11858.7 63.7 109.6 86.7 169.6 46.0
D8.25×N105 15323.4 72.0 118.9 95.4 220.2 46.9 13520.2 65.6 112.9 89.3 187.7 47.4
D8.25×N210 16859.7 73.0 120.3 96.7 235.4 47.3 14639.3 67.1 113.7 90.4 206.5 46.7
D8.25×N315 16619.8 71.7 118.6 95.2 233.0 47.0 14241.1 66.0 109.6 87.8 215.3 43.6
D8.25×N420 16118.3 70.1 115.2 92.7 235.1 45.1 15416.1 68.2 113.7 90.9 223.6 45.5
平均Average 13880.9 72.6 115.1 93.9 214.8 42.5 12623.5 66.6 108.9 87.8 196.2 42.3

图2

不同种植密度和施氮量处理下棉花干物质积累动态 处理同表1。"

表2

不同种植密度和施氮量棉花氮素累积动态特征值"

处理
Treatment		 2016 2017
Ym
(kg hm-2)		 t1
(d)		 t2
(d)		 tm
(d)		 Vm
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 T
(d)		 Ym
(kg hm-2)		 t1
(d)		 t2
(d)		 tm
(d)		 Vm
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 T
(d)
种植密度Plant density (×104 plants·hm-2)
D5.25 245.7 71.7 119.5 95.6 3.4 47.8 223.4 62.3 105.5 83.9 3.4 43.2
D6.75 256.9 69.0 116.5 92.8 3.6 47.5 237.2 60.1 101.7 80.9 3.8 41.6
D8.25 260.0 64.7 113.7 89.2 3.5 49.0 235.7 58.1 99.8 79.0 3.7 41.7
施氮量N rate (kg hm-2)
N0 193.3 65.1 108.1 86.6 3.0 42.9 174.3 56.2 92.1 74.1 3.2 35.9
N105 245.6 69.2 118.9 94.1 3.3 49.7 218.5 59.2 102.5 80.9 3.3 43.2
N210 271.0 69.5 121.1 95.3 3.5 51.6 246.7 60.9 104.8 82.8 3.7 43.8
N315 281.1 69.4 117.6 93.5 3.9 48.2 255.1 61.7 104.2 82.9 4.0 42.5
N420 280.1 69.0 117.1 93.1 3.9 48.1 265.9 62.8 108.1 85.5 3.9 45.4
种植密度×施氮量Plant density×N rate
D5.25×N0 192.2 69.4 112.4 90.9 3.0 43.0 171.7 58.8 95.2 77.0 3.1 36.4
D5.25×N105 231.4 72.1 118.3 95.2 3.3 46.2 214.3 61.6 106.7 84.2 3.1 45.1
D5.25×N210 258.0 72.0 122.3 97.2 3.4 50.3 239.8 63.0 107.2 85.1 3.6 44.2
D5.25×N315 274.8 72.4 122.6 97.5 3.6 50.2 250.6 64.2 110.3 87.2 3.6 46.1
D5.25×N420 271.9 72.4 121.8 97.1 3.6 49.4 240.6 63.9 108.1 86.0 3.6 44.2
D6.75×N0 196.5 64.7 109.2 87.0 2.9 44.5 177.5 56.0 92.3 74.2 3.2 36.4
D6.75×N105 254.7 70.3 121.5 95.9 3.3 51.2 223.0 59.5 101.6 80.6 3.5 42.0
D6.75×N210 279.1 70.9 122.7 96.8 3.6 51.8 258.2 61.2 104.9 83.1 3.9 43.7
D6.75×N315 284.0 70.1 115.8 92.9 4.1 45.7 257.5 61.6 101.9 81.7 4.2 40.3
D6.75×N420 270.2 69.1 113.4 91.3 4.0 44.3 269.8 62.0 107.7 84.8 3.9 45.6
D8.25×N0 191.1 61.3 102.6 81.9 3.1 41.3 173.6 53.7 88.8 71.3 3.3 35.1
D8.25×N105 250.6 65.3 116.9 91.1 3.3 51.6 218.3 56.6 99.1 77.8 3.4 42.5
D8.25×N210 275.9 65.5 118.2 91.9 3.5 52.7 242.2 58.5 102.1 80.3 3.7 43.6
D8.25×N315 284.3 65.7 114.5 90.1 3.9 48.8 257.1 59.3 100.3 79.8 4.1 41.0
D8.25×N420 298.1 65.6 116.2 90.9 3.9 50.6 287.4 62.4 108.7 85.6 4.1 46.4
平均Average 254.2 68.5 116.6 92.5 3.5 48.1 232.1 60.2 102.3 81.2 3.6 42.2

图3

不同种植密度和施氮量处理下氮素积累动态 处理同表1。"

表3

种植密度和施氮量对棉花干物质分配的影响"

处理
Treatment		 2016 2017
营养器官分配量
DVO		 生殖器官分配量
DRO		 营养器官分配量
DVO		 生殖器官分配量
DRO
种植密度Plant density (×104 plant hm-2)
D5.25 5008.6 c (44.6) 6184.5 c (55.4) 4842.2 c (43.3) 6317.8 c (56.7)
D6.75 6259.7 b (47.5) 6902.1 b (52.5) 5713.9 b (45.4) 6847.5 b (54.6)
D8.25 7114.0 a (49.3) 7286.1 a (50.7) 6406.1 a (47.4) 7082.7 a (52.6)
施氮量N rate (kg hm-2)
N0 5365.9 d (45.2) 6473.0 b (54.8) 4910.9 d (43.6) 6319.7 b (56.4)
N105 5788.7 c (46.5) 6581.1 b (53.5) 5155.9 c (44.1) 6483.0 b (55.9)
N210 6205.8 b (46.8) 6944.8 a (53.2) 5855.4 b (45.8) 6892.7 a (54.2)
N315 6462.8 b (47.7) 7002.0 a (52.3) 5987.6 b (46.1) 6956.9 a (53.9)
N420 6813.9 a (49.4) 6953.6 a (50.6) 6360.7 a (47.2) 7094.4 a (52.8)
种植密度×施氮量Plant density × N rate
D5.25×N0 4725.7 g (43.4) 6155.9 d (56.6) 4326.7 f (41.3) 6142.7 d (58.7)
D5.25×N105 4633.6 g (42.8) 6176.8 d (57.2) 4297.0 f (41.2) 6139.7 d (58.8)
D5.25×N210 4742.6 g (43.2) 6234.7 d (56.8) 5005.7 e (44.0) 6381.0 d (56.0)
D5.25×N315 5126.6 fg (45.3) 6160.1 d (54.7) 5048.0 e (44.1) 6406.7 d (55.9)
D5.25×N420 5814.8 e (48.5) 6195.2 d (51.5) 5534.0 cd (45.9) 6519.0 cd (54.1)
D6.75×N0 5455.1 ef (45.2) 6606.5 c (54.8) 4876.7 e (43.8) 6263.7 d (56.2)
D6.75×N105 5832.6 e (47.3) 6497.9 cd (52.7) 5202.0 de (44.6) 6459.0 cd (55.4)
D6.75×N210 6432.6 cd (47.5) 7091.3 b (52.5) 5908.0 bc (45.7) 7032.7 ab (54.3)
D6.75×N315 6753.8 c (48.1) 7289.7 ab (51.9) 5990.0 b (45.6) 7133.0 ab (54.4)
D6.75×N420 6824.5 c (49.3) 7025.2 b (50.7) 6593.0 a (47.3) 7349.3 a (52.7)
D8.25×N0 5917.1 de (47.1) 6656.7 c (52.9) 5529.3 cd (45.8) 6552.7 cd (54.2)
D8.25×N105 6900.1 bc (49.4) 7068.7 b (50.6) 5968.7 b (46.6) 6850.3 bc (53.4)
D8.25×N210 7442.1 ab (49.8) 7508.3 a (50.2) 6652.7 a (47.8) 7264.3 ab (52.2)
D8.25×N315 7508.0 a (49.8) 7556.3 a (50.2) 6924.7 a (48.6) 7331.0 a (51.4)
D8.25×N420 7802.5 a (50.5) 7640.4 a (49.5) 6955.0 a (48.4) 7415.0 a (51.6)
变异来源 Source of variation
种植密度Density (D) ** ** ** **
施氮量Nitrogen (N) ** ** ** **
种植密度×施氮量 D×N ns ** ns ns

表4

种植密度和施氮量对棉花氮素分配的影响"

处理
Treatment		 2016 2017
营养器官分配量
DVO		 生殖器官分配量
DRO		 营养器官分配量
DVO		 生殖器官分配量
DRO
种植密度Plant density (×104 plants hm-2)
D5.25 96.8 b (44.1) 122.4 b (55.9) 93.0 c (43.7) 119.7 c (56.3)
D6.75 105.4 a (45.2) 127.6 a (54.8) 100.8 b (44.0) 127.9 a (56.0)
D8.25 107.3 a (45.4) 129.1 a (54.6) 104.2 a (45.7) 123.0 b (54.3)
施氮量N rate (kg hm-2)
N0 81.7 c (44.6) 101.6 c (55.4) 75.0 e (43.6) 97.1 d (56.4)
N105 99.3 b (45.3) 119.7 b (54.7) 92.1 d (43.8) 118.3 c (56.2)
N210 103.3 b (43.3) 135.0 a (56.7) 105.6 c (44.7) 130.6 b (55.3)
N315 114.2 a (45.0) 139.2 a (55.0) 109.9 b (44.9) 134.9 a (55.1)
N420 117.4 a (46.2) 136.2 a (53.8) 114.0 a (45.4) 136.7 a (54.6)
种植密度×施氮量Plant density×N rate
D5.25×N0 79.2 g (44.0) 100.8 f (56.0) 73.5 i (43.5) 95.6 h (56.5)
D5.25×N105 95.6 f (45.7) 113.4 e (54.3) 88.1 h (43.4) 115.2 g (56.6)
D5.25×N210 94.0 f (41.6) 131.9 bc (58.4) 99.4 fg (43.6) 128.5 cd (56.4)
D5.25×N315 108.0 cde (44.8) 132.9 bc (55.2) 102.3 def (43.5) 132.6 bc (56.5)
D5.25×N420 107.0 cde (44.6) 132.8 bc (55.4) 101.6 ef (44.5) 126.5 cde (55.5)
D6.75×N0 82.4 g (44.4) 103.2 f (55.6) 76.2 i (43.5) 98.9 h (56.5)
D6.75×N105 103.4 def (46.1) 121.0 de (53.9) 94.4 gh (43.7) 121.4 efg (56.3)
D6.75×N210 106.6 cde (43.7) 137.2 ab (56.3) 108.3 cde (43.8) 138.8 ab (56.2)
D6.75×N315 118.7 b (45.6) 141.4 ab (54.4) 110.9 bc (44.4) 138.9 ab (55.6)
D6.75×N420 116.1 bc (46.2) 135.0 ab (53.8) 114.0 bc (44.6) 141.4 a (55.4)
D8.25×N0 83.6 g (45.4) 100.8 f (54.6) 75.3 i (43.8) 96.8 h (56.2)
D8.25×N105 98.9 ef (44.2) 124.9 cd (55.8) 93.8 gh (44.2) 118.4 fg (55.8)
D8.25×N210 109.2 bcd (44.6) 136.0 ab (55.4) 109.0 cd (46.6) 124.6 def (53.4)
D8.25×N315 115.8 bc (44.7) 143.1 a (55.3) 116.5 b (46.7) 133.3 bc (53.3)
D8.25×N420 129.1 a (47.9) 140.7 ab (52.1) 126.4 a (47.1) 142.1 a (52.9)
变异来源 Source of variation
种植密度Density (D) ** * ** **
施氮量Nitrogen (N) ** ** ** **
种植密度×施氮量 D×N ns ns ** **

表5

增密减氮对棉花产量及其构成因素的影响"

密度
Plant density
(×104 plants hm-2)		 施氮量
N rate
(kg hm-2)		 铃数
Boll density
(×104 bolls hm-2)		 铃重
Boll weight
(g boll-1)		 衣分
Lint percentage
(%)		 籽棉实产
Seed cotton yield
(kg hm-2)		 皮棉实产
Lint yield
(kg hm-2)
2016
D5.25 N0 64.6 d 5.3 cd 41.9 a 3283.7 e 1375.1 e
N105 71.8 c 5.6 b 41.7 a 3584.3 d 1493.1 d
N210 72.4 c 5.8 a 41.6 a 3998.0 bc 1662.2 bc
N315 71.7 c 6.0 a 41.8 a 4234.3 a 1769.7 a
N420 71.6 c 5.4 bc 41.7 a 3964.7 c 1653.9 bc
D6.75 N0 66.9 d 5.6 b 41.5 a 3425.0 e 1421.1 e
N105 76.3 b 5.6 b 41.5 a 4126.0 ab 1713.0 ab
N210 78.0 b 5.9 a 41.5 a 4208.3 a 1745.3 a
N315 76.5 b 5.6 b 41.7 a 3898.0 c 1626.6 c
D6.75 N420 76.5 b 5.6 b 41.4 a 3714.7 d 1538.5 d
D8.25 N0 72.5 c 5.2 d 41.8 a 3373.0 e 1409.3 e
N105 82.0 a 5.2 d 41.5 a 3591.7 d 1490.3 d
N210 84.7 a 5.3 cd 41.7 a 3659.3 d 1526.8 d
N315 84.2 a 5.6 b 41.8 a 3581.3 d 1497.7 d
N420 83.3 a 5.3 cd 41.8 a 3609.3 d 1506.9 d
2017
D5.25 N0 69.0 f 5.4 c 41.2 a 3391.3 e 1396.3 e
N105 76.0 d 5.7 ab 41.0 a 3859.3 d 1583.7 d
N210 75.8 d 5.7 ab 41.0 a 4157.7 b 1704.7 b
N315 76.7 d 5.8 a 41.1 a 4429.3 a 1818.3 a
N420 76.3 d 5.6 ab 41.5 a 4096.3 b 1699.0 b
D6.75 N0 69.9 f 5.5 c 41.3 a 3471.0 e 1433.0 e
N105 80.2 c 5.7 ab 41.4 a 4117.7 b 1705.7 b
N210 81.5 c 5.8 a 41.4 a 4415.7 a 1826.3 a
N315 80.9 c 5.6 b 41.2 a 4017.0 bc 1653.3 bc
N420 81.8 c 5.7 ab 41.2 a 3896.0 cd 1605.7 cd
D8.25 N0 73.3 e 5.3 c 41.0 a 3519.3 e 1444.3 e
N105 85.3 ab 5.4 c 41.5 a 3770.7 d 1564.0 d
N210 85.9 ab 5.4 c 41.2 a 3898.3 cd 1607.7 cd
N315 87.6 a 5.4 c 41.1 a 3901.0 cd 1605.0 cd
N420 85.1 b 5.4 c 41.4 a 3778.3 d 1564.3 d
变异来源 Source of variation
年份Year ** ns ns ** **
种植密度Density (D) ** ** ns ** **
施氮量Nitrogen (N) ** ** ns ** **
种植密度×施氮量 D×N ** ** ns ** **
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