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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2): 320-331.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04100

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

密度和施肥对旱地马铃薯干物质积累、产量和水肥利用的影响

柳燕兰1(), 郭贤仕1,*(), 张绪成1,*(), 马明生1, 王宏康2   

  1. 1甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 / 甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
    2甘肃省种子总站, 甘肃兰州 730000
  • 收稿日期:2020-05-01 接受日期:2020-08-19 出版日期:2021-02-12 网络出版日期:2020-09-02
  • 通讯作者: 郭贤仕,张绪成
  • 作者简介:E-mail: liuyanlan868@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    甘肃省农业科学院重点研发计划项目(2019GAAS25);国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B01-05)

Effects of planting density and fertilization on dry matter accumulation, yield and water-fertilizer utilization of dryland potato

LIU Yan-Lan1(), GUO Xian-Shi1,*(), ZHANG Xu-Cheng1,*(), MA Ming-Sheng1, WANG Hong-Kang2   

  1. 1Institute of Drylang Farming, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Effective Utilization of Water Resource on Dryland, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    2Gansu Seed General Station, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
  • Received:2020-05-01 Accepted:2020-08-19 Published:2021-02-12 Published online:2020-09-02
  • Contact: GUO Xian-Shi,ZHANG Xu-Cheng
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2019GAAS25);National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2015BAD22B01-05)

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摘要：

协同提高产量和资源利用效率, 是旱作马铃薯高产高效的基础。本研究以陇薯10号为材料, 于2017—2019年进行大田试验, 设置当地农民习惯栽培(CK)、高产高效栽培(YE)和超高产栽培(HY) 3种栽培模式, 测定旱地马铃薯叶面积指数(LAI)、叶片SPAD值、冠层光合能力、干物质积累转运、块茎产量、水肥利用效率等指标。结果表明, 与CK相比, YE和HY均提高了马铃薯LAI和叶片SPAD值, YE在降雨较少的2017年增幅更明显; 二者均减慢了马铃薯块茎膨大后的LAI和叶片SPAD降低幅度, 使其冠层光合能力在块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期2年平均提高29.9%、34.7%和40.2%、50.5%。基于较高的LAI和冠层光合能力, YE和HY的地上干物质在块茎膨大期较CK 3年平均增加123.05%和118.53%; 同时块茎膨大后同化物对块茎的贡献率增加22.56%和19.29%, 使马铃薯产量在2017—2019年平均增加47.93%和47.78%, 水分利用效率平均增加77.59%和75.85%, 均达到显著差异水平。YE和HY使马铃薯商品薯产量显著增加, 收益显著提高, 在2017—2019年分别较CK新增纯收益7330.3元 hm-2和6024.6元 hm-2。较大的群体冠层和较高的物质生产促进了植株对N、P、K的积累, YE的N、P利用效率较CK分别提高15.21%和17.20%, N、K收获指数分别提高3.85%和7.79%; HY的N利用效率提高12.37%。YE的WUE、N和P利用效率较HY提高2.05%、2.53%和23.41%, 新增纯收益1305.7元 hm-2。因此, YE减施缓释尿素40%并有机替代、密度60,000株 hm-2, 能够提高水分和养分利用效率, 维持马铃薯花后较高的冠层光合能力, 促进茎叶干物质向块茎转运, 实现作物增产和资源高效利用协同发展, 是半干旱区黑膜覆盖马铃薯种植推荐的高产高效模式。

关键词: 马铃薯, 栽培模式, 冠层光合能力, 干物质积累与转运, 产量, 水肥利用效率

Abstract:

It is important to increase potato production and the natural resource utilization efficiency in dryland farming system. A field experiment was conducted using Longshu 10 with three planting modes from 2017 to 2019, including farmer mode (CK), the mode with high yield and efficiency (YE), and higher yield mode (HY). The leaf area index (LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate, accumulation and remobilization of dry matter, water use efficiency (WUE) and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was investigated. The results showed that LAI and SPAD were increased in YE and HY compared to CK, and it was more significant in 2017 when there was less rainfall. Meanwhile, less reduction in LAI and SPAD after tubers enlargement resulted in an increase of canopy photosynthetic rate by 29.9%, 34.7% (in 2018 and 2019), and 40.2%, 50.5% (in 2018 and 2019) during the expanding stage and starch accumulation stage, respectively. Average aboveground dry matter in YE and HY was higher than CK by 123.1% and 118.5% in the enlargement stage due to higher LAI and photosynthetic rate. The contribution rate of assimilation after potato tuber enlargement in YE and HE was higher than CK by 22.56% and 19.29%, resulting in an average potato production increase of 47.93% and 47.78%, and average water use efficiency increased by 77.59% and 75.85%, respectively. YE and HY advantaged in tuber production and income improvement. Compared with CK, the net income increased by 7330.3 Yuan hm-2 and 6024.6 Yuan hm-2 in 2017 to 2019, respectively. The accumulation of N, P, and K was significantly enhanced due to large population canopy and high plant biomass accumulation. Compared to CK, N and P use efficiency, and the harvest index of N and P was increased under YE mode by 15.21%, 17.20% and 3.85%, 7.79%, respectively, and the N use efficiency was increased by 12.37% under HY mode. WUE, N, and P use efficiency of YE mode was higher than HY by 2.05%, 2.53%, and 23.41%, respectively, and the net income increased by 1305.7 Yuan hm-2. Therefore, replacement of slow-release urea with organic manure by 40% and improvement of planting density with 60,000 plants hm-2 in YE mode potentially increased in water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency, high canopy photosynthetic rate maintenances, and remobilization of dry matter from stem and leaf to tubers. In conclusion, YE as a high tuber production and resource use efficiency planting mode, is recommended in semi-arid areas with black-film mulched potato cultivation regime.

Key words: potato, cultivation pattern, canopy photosynthetic capacity, dry matter accumulation and transportation, yield, water-fertilization use efficiency

图1

全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯示意图"

表1

不同栽培模式的种植密度和肥料用量"

栽培模式
Cultivation pattern		 缩写
Abbreviations		 覆盖方式
Coverage style		 密度
Density
(plant hm-2)		 肥料种类及用量
Fertilizer type and dosage (kg hm-2)
N P2O5 K2O 羊粪
Sheep manure
农户栽培
Farmer mode
cultivation		 CK 露地平作
Flat planting without plastic mulching		 45,000 120 75 0 0
高产高效栽培
High yield and
efficiency cultivation		 YE 全膜覆盖垄沟种植
Ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching		 60,000 150 90 120 45,000
超高产栽培
Higher yield
cultivation		 HY 全膜覆盖垄沟种植
Ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching		 67,500 210 120 150 45,000

图2

2017-2019年试验区降水(P)和平均气温(T)变化"

表2

不同栽培模式下马铃薯叶面积指数"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 现蕾期
Squaring stage		 花期
Flowering stage		 块茎膨大期
Tuber expanding stage		 淀粉积累期
Starching accumulation stage
2017 CK 1.27±0.09 c 1.53±0.18 b 3.07±0.16 b 2.45±0.10 c
YE 1.80±0.20 b 2.41±0.16 a 3.73±0.16 a 3.32±0.17 a
HY 2.03±0.17 a 2.56±0.17 a 3.68±0.13 a 3.21±0.15 b
2018 CK 1.83±0.18 b 2.83±0.18 b 3.32±0.16 b 2.71±0.21 b
YE 2.49±0.21 a 3.68±0.25 a 4.14±0.12 a 3.75±0.16 a
HY 2.65±0.29 a 3.73±0.18 a 4.28±0.14 a 3.88±0.16 a
2019 CK 2.22±0.16 b 2.37±0.13 b 3.38±0.17 b 2.82±0.31 b
YE 2.73±0.13 a 3.11±0.16 a 4.27±0.20 a 3.82±0.28 a
HY 2.83±0.24 a 3.23±0.17 a 4.32±0.16 a 3.95±0.22 a

表3

不同栽培模式下马铃薯叶片SPAD"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 苗期
Seedling stage		 现蕾期
Squaring stage		 花期
Flowering stage		 块茎膨大期
Tuber expanding stage		 淀粉积累期
Starching accumulation stage
2017 CK 50.73±0.43 a 58.27±0.86 b 60.58±0.91 b 62.49±0.69 b 53.87±1.06 b
YE 52.90±0.96 a 61.73±0.57 a 64.68±0.80 a 66.67±0.87 a 60.36±0.75 a
HY 51.29±0.86 a 62.80±0.76 a 65.48±0.52 a 66.13±0.57 a 58.67±0.78 a
2018 CK 45.07±0.75 a 50.23±0.57 b 52.66±0.34 b 56.60±1.07 b 47.19±2.16 b
YE 46.58±0.31 a 54.76±0.54 a 55.86±1.19 a 61.15±0.44 a 55.16±0.31 a
HY 45.88±0.62 a 55.26±0.25 a 56.92±0.91 a 61.02±0.20 a 54.56±0.33 a
2019 CK 42.03±0.99 b 48.15±1.03 b 53.43±1.06 b 58.62±1.04 b 48.58±0.93 b
YE 45.29±0.76 a 55.82±0.85 a 58.82±0.42 a 62.37±0.63 a 53.40±0.74 a
HY 46.62±0.54 a 56.14±0.25 a 57.58±0.78 a 63.22±0.29 a 52.73±0.28 a

表4

不同栽培模式下马铃薯净光合速率和冠层光合能力"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 块茎膨大期Tuber expanding stage 淀粉积累期Starching accumulation stage
净光合速率(CO2)
Net photosynthetic rate (μmol m-2 s-1)		 冠层光合能力
Canopy photosynthesis ability (Pn×LAI)		 净光合速率(CO2)
Net photosynthetic rate (μmol m-2 s-1)		 冠层光合能力
Canopy photosynthesis ability (Pn×LAI)
2018 CK 18.92 a 62.72 b 14.69 a 39.81 b
YE 19.47 a 80.52 a 14.92 a 55.96 a
HY 19.55 a 83.69 a 15.59 a 60.41 a
2019 CK 19.45 a 65.74 b 15.83 a 44.64 b
YE 20.22 a 86.34 a 16.36 a 62.41 a
HY 20.68 a 89.34 a 16.88 a 66.59 a

图3

不同栽培模式下马铃薯地上部干物质的变化 处理同表1。"

表5

不同栽培模式下马铃薯块茎膨大前后干物质积累与转运"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 块茎膨大前干物质
转运量DMT (kg hm-2)		 块茎膨大前干物质
转运率DMTE (%)		 块茎膨大后同化物输入
块茎量PEA (kg hm-2)		 同化物对块茎的
贡献率CPAT (%)
2017 CK 2800 b 47.07 a 2406 c 46.22 c
YE 2879 b 25.66 b 5046 a 63.67 a
HY 3207 a 29.57 b 4765 b 59.78 b
2018 CK 2124 b 70.03 a 2747 b 56.39 c
YE 2427 a 36.38 b 4662 a 65.76 a
HY 2401 a 35.74 c 4606 a 65.73 a
2019 CK 2107 b 68.75 a 3111 b 59.61 b
YE 2236 a 34.11 b 4654 a 67.55 a
HY 2298 a 33.68 b 4612 a 66.74 a

图4

不同栽培模式下马铃薯产量、耗水量和水分利用效率 处理同表1。不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表6

不同栽培模式下马铃薯肥料积累与利用(2019年)"

指标Item CK YE HY
N 氮素总积累量NTA (kg hm-2) 330.04±5.29 b 389.05±11.32 a 397.54±7.14 a
氮素利用效率NUE (kg kg-1) 81.58±0.26 b 93.99±1.65 a 91.67±2.55 a
氮素收获指数NHI 0.78±0.001 b 0.81±0.001 a 0.79±0.015 b
P 磷素总积累量PTA (kg hm-2) 24.59±1.18 c 28.45±1.01 b 34.98±0.03 a
磷素利用效率PUE (kg kg-1) 1096.72±66.52 b 1285.33±14.38 a 1041.50±11.11 b
磷素收获指数PHI 0.81±0.015 a 0.81±0.034 a 0.82±0.001 a
K 钾素总积累量KTA (kg hm-2) 115.34±1.25 b 165.56±6.54 a 164.43±8.44 a
钾素利用效率KUE (kg kg-1) 233.43±0.47 a 220.89±1.57 b 221.81±9.21 b
钾素收获指数KHI 0.77±0.022 b 0.83±0.079 a 0.88±0.024 a

表7

不同栽培模式对马铃薯经济收益的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 商品率
Commodity
rate (%)		 商品产量
Commodity yield
(kg hm-2)		 非商品产量Non-commodity yield
(kg hm-2)		 经济收益Benefit
(Yuan hm-2)		 生产资料投入
Production
materials input
(Yuan hm-2)		 劳力投入Labor input
(Yuan hm-2)		 燃油投入
Fuel input
(Yuan hm-2)		 纯收益
Profit
(Yuan hm-2)
2017 CK 49.76 c 12,887 b 13,011 b 23,271 b 4809 6720 750 10,992 c
YE 62.53 b 27,828 a 16,679 a 43,401 a 9837 9600 750 23,214 a
HY 71.50 a 29,199 a 11,636 b 42,020 a 11,305 10,000 750 19,965 b
2018 CK 64.14 c 16,047 b 8972 a 24,639 b 4809 6720 750 12,360 b
YE 79.90 a 28,066 a 7060 a 37,916 a 9837 9600 750 17,729 a
HY 75.27 b 28,518 a 9371 a 39,845 a 11,305 10,000 750 17,790 a
2019 CK 49.00 b 13,589 b 14,144 a 24,793 b 4809 6720 750 12,514 b
YE 68.43 a 25,123 a 11,590 b 37,102 a 9837 9600 750 16,915 a
HY 69.94 a 26,230 a 11,274 b 38,240 a 11,305 10,000 750 16,185 a
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