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氮肥后移优化绿洲灌区小麦间作玉米种间关系提高氮素利用效率

闫喆林，任强，樊志龙，殷文，孙亚丽，范虹，何蔚，胡发龙*，闫丽娟*，柴强   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09 修回日期:2025-04-25 接受日期:2025-04-25 网络出版日期:2025-05-13
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(32201925, U21A20218)，国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1900200)，甘肃省“双一流”科研重点项目(GSSYLXM-02)和甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才培育项目(Gaufx-05Y09)资助。

Postponed N application optimizes interspecific interactions and enhances N use efficiency in wheat-maize intercropping systems in an oasis irrigation region

YAN Zhe-Lin,REN Qiang,FAN Zhi-Long,YIN Wen,SUN Ya-Li,FAN Hong,HE Wei,HU Fa-Long*,YAN Li-Juan*,CHAI Qiang   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-01-09 Revised:2025-04-25 Accepted:2025-04-25 Published online:2025-05-13
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201925, U21A20218), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1900200), the “Double First-Class” Key Scientific Research Project of Education Department in Gansu Province (GSSYLXM-02), and the Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University (Gaufx-05Y09).

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摘要：

针对绿洲灌区氮肥损失严重，阻碍作物可持续生产等问题，通过明确氮肥后移对间作系统种间关系的影响，为麦玉间作系统氮肥高效管理提供理论依据和技术支撑。试验于2022—2023年在甘肃农业大学绿洲农业综合试验站开展，采用随机区组设计，设小麦||玉米、单作小麦、单作玉米3种种植模式，氮肥后移0 (传统施氮, N1)、10% (N2)、20% (N3) 3种施氮制度，研究不同种植制度及氮肥后移比例对小麦和玉米的种间关系及氮素利用的影响。结果表明，小麦间作玉米结合氮肥后移强化了麦玉共生期小麦相对于玉米的竞争力，其中氮肥后移10%较传统施氮竞争力提高3.4%，后移20%较传统施氮提高8.13%，且后移20%较后移10%提高5.0%。氮肥后移增强间作玉米的恢复效应，与传统施氮相比，氮肥后移10%间作玉米恢复效应提高11.3%，后移20%提高20.5%，且后移20%较后移10%提高11.5%。间作系统籽粒产量较单作加权平均提高23.8%~28.7%，表现出明显的间作优势，且氮肥后移20%处理的籽粒产量较传统施氮提高22.7%。间作种植模式下氮肥利用率较单作加权平均提高4.2%~26.4%，氮肥偏生产力较单作加权平均增高21.4%~30.8%，且氮肥后移20%较后移10%氮肥利用率提高31.5%，较传统施氮提高10.0%；氮肥偏生产力氮肥后移20%较后移10%提高12.7%，较传统施氮提高23.3%。因此，小麦间作玉米结合氮肥后移20%可优化麦玉间作系统种间关系，增加作物产量并提高氮素利用效率，是绿洲灌区小麦、玉米高效生产的适宜种植模式和施氮制度。

关键词: 氮肥后移, 小麦间作玉米, 种间竞争力, 恢复效应, 氮素利用效率

Abstract:

In response to the substantial nitrogen fertilizer loss in oasis irrigation areas—which poses a challenge to sustainable crop production—this study investigates the effects of delayed nitrogen application on interspecific interactions within wheat–maize intercropping systems. The goal is to provide a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for improving nitrogen fertilizer management efficiency in such systems. Field experiments were conducted from 2022 to 2023 at the Oasis Agricultural Comprehensive Experimental Station of Gansu Agricultural University, using a randomized block design with three planting patterns: wheat–maize intercropping, monoculture wheat, and monoculture maize. Three nitrogen application schedules were tested: 0% postponement (traditional application, N1), 10% postponement (N2), and 20% postponement (N3). The study examined how different planting systems and nitrogen postponement levels influence interspecific interactions and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat and maize. Results showed that combining wheat–maize intercropping with delayed nitrogen application enhanced wheat’s competitive ability during the symbiotic growth phase. Specifically, wheat's competitive advantage increased by 3.4% with a 10% delay and by 8.13% with a 20% delay, both compared to the traditional application. Moreover, the 20% delay led to a 5.0% increase in competitive ability compared to the 10% delay. Delayed nitrogen application also improved the recovery effect of intercropped maize, with increases of 11.3% and 20.5% under 10% and 20% delays, respectively, compared to the traditional method. The 20% delay further improved maize recovery by 11.5% relative to the 10% delay. Intercropping increased grain yield by 23.8% to 28.7% compared to the weighted average of monoculture yields, highlighting a clear intercropping advantage. Additionally, a 20% delay in nitrogen application raised grain yield by 22.7% compared to traditional application. Under intercropping, nitrogen use efficiency improved by 4.2% to 26.4%, and nitrogen partial factor productivity increased by 21.4% to 30.8%, both compared to the weighted averages of monocropping. Furthermore, nitrogen use efficiency with a 20% delay improved by 31.5% over the 10% delay and by 10.0% over the traditional approach, while partial factor productivity increased by 12.7% and 23.3%, respectively. These findings suggest that intercropping wheat with maize combined with a 20% delayed nitrogen application optimizes interspecific interactions, enhances crop yield, and improves nitrogen use efficiency. This approach represents a promising cultivation and fertilization strategy for sustainable wheat and maize production in oasis irrigation regions.

Key words: N fertilizer postponing application, wheat-maize intercropping, interspecific competition, recovery effect, nitrogen use efficiency

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