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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4): 1065-1078.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23032

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

种植密度对不同生育期玉米品种光温资源利用率和产量的影响

吴希1(), 王家瑞1, 郝淼艺1, 张宏军2, 张仁和1,*()   

  1. 1西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
    2陕西省种子工作总站, 陕西西安 710003
  • 收稿日期:2022-04-14 接受日期:2022-09-05 出版日期:2023-04-12 网络出版日期:2022-09-15
  • 通讯作者: *张仁和, E-mail: zhangrenhe1975@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wuxi1997@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD03000304);陕西省优势特色农业产业项目(SXNY-2021-02)

Effects of planting density on solar and heat resource utilization and yield of maize varieties at different growth stages

WU Xi1(), WANG Jia-Rui1, HAO Miao-Yi1, ZHANG Hong-Jun2, ZHANG Ren-He1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
    2Shaanxi Seed Work Station, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2022-04-14 Accepted:2022-09-05 Published:2023-04-12 Published online:2022-09-15
  • Contact: *E-mail: zhangrenhe1975@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD03000304);Shaanxi Advantage Characteristic Agricultural Industry Project(SXNY-2021-02)

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摘要：

探究不同生育期玉米光温利用、物质生产和产量形成对密度的响应, 以期为陕北灌区春玉米密植高产高效栽培提供理论依据。试验于2019—2020年以东单60 (中晚熟)和大丰30 (中早熟)为试验材料, 设置45,000 (D1)、60,000 (D2)、75,000 (D3)和90,000 (D4)株 hm-2 4个种植密度, 测定了叶面积指数、冠层光分布、物质生产与转运、光温利用和产量及其构成等指标。结果表明, 大丰30和东单60分别在90,000株 hm-2和75,000株 hm-2密度下达到最高产量18,787.5 kg hm-2和16,953.0 kg hm-2, 较低密度分别提高了37.7%和41.4%, 且高产下大丰30籽粒含水率较东单60低11.5%。随着种植密度的增加, 群体叶面积指数明显提高, 上部冠层光能截获率显著增大, 而中部冠层光能截获率显著下降且东单60降低幅度高于大丰30, 下部冠层光能截获率无显著差异。对于光能辐射利用而言, 大丰30花前截获的光合有效辐射和光能利用率较东单60分别高7.9%、高1.7%; 大丰30花后截获的光合有效辐射和光能利用率较东单60分别低9.5%、高14.9%, 根据光能利用效率和种植密度的相关关系表明增密对提高大丰30的光能辐射利用率更显著。在D4密度下, 中早熟品种大丰30较晚熟品种东单60生育期平均缩短了4.3 d, 大丰30的平均有效积温较东单60少25.3℃, 而积温利用率提高了25.3%, 达到最大干物质积累速率所需积温较东单60少; 东单60和大丰30的花前干物质累积量及花后转运率较D1分别提高了26.7%、34.6%和43.7%、55.8%, 且大丰30的花后干物质累积量和花后干物质转运率较东单60分别高14.5%和12.3%。可见, 中早熟品种大丰30密植下重塑群体结构, 改善中部冠层光能截获, 增加干物质增长速率和提前干物质达到最大增大速率时期, 促进干物质的累积与转运, 提高了光温资源利用效率, 实现该区春玉米高产高效; 同时收获时籽粒较低的含水率, 适宜籽粒机收。

关键词: 春玉米, 种植密度, 光温资源, 物质累积转运, 籽粒机收

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to explore the response of maize solar and heat utilization, material production, and yield formation to density at different maturity stages, in order to provide a theoretical basis for high yield and efficiency cultivation of spring maize in Northern Shaanxi irrigation area. In 2019 and 2020, the field experiments were conducted by using two maize hybrids [Dongdan 60 (middle-late-maturing) and Dafeng 30 (middle-early-maturing)] with four planting density treatments [45,000 (D1), 60,000 (D2), 75,000 (D3), and 90,000 (D4) plants hm-2]. Leaf area index, canopy solar distribution, material production and transport, solar and heat utilization, yield and its composition were measured. The results showed that, compared with the low density, Dafeng 30 and Dongdan 60 reached the highest yield of 18,787.5 kg hm-2 and 16,953.0 kg hm-2 under the density of 90,000 plants hm-2 and 75,000 plants hm-2 and increased by 37.7 % and 41.4 %, respectively. The grain moisture content of Dafeng 30 was 11.5 % lower than that of Dongdan 60 under high yield. With the increase of planting density, the leaf area index of the population and the interception rate of solar energy in the upper canopy increased significantly, while the solar interception rate of the middle canopy decreased significantly, and Dongdan 60 decreased more than Dafeng 30. There was no significant difference in the interception rate of the lower canopy. For the utilization of solar radiation, the pre-silking intercepted photosynthetically active radiation and radiation use efficiency of Dafeng 30 were 7.9% and 1.7% higher than those of Dongdan 60, respectively. The post-silking intercepted photosynthetically active radiation and radiation use efficiency of Dafeng 30 were 9.5% and 14.9% lower than those of Dongdan 60, respectively. The correlation between radiation use efficiency and planting density revealed that the increase of planting density was more obvious in improving the light radiation utilization efficiency of Dafeng 30. Under D4 density, the growth period of Dafeng 30 was shortened by 4.3 days on average compared with that of Dongdan 60, and the average effective accumulated temperature of Dafeng 30 was 25.3°C less than that of Dongdan 60, but the temperature use efficiency was 25.3% higher than that of Dongdan 60, and the accumulated temperature required to reach the maximum dry matter accumulation rate was less than that of Dongdan 60. The pre-anthesis dry matter accumulation and post-anthesis dry matter transport rate of Dongdan 60 and Dafeng 30 were 26.7%, 34.6%, and 43.7%, 55.8% higher than those of D1, respectively. The post-silking dry matter accumulation and post-silking dry matter transport rate of Dafeng 30 were 14.5% and 12.3% higher than those of Dongdan 60, respectively. In comclusion, the population structure of Dafeng 30 was reconstructed under the dense planting can improve solar energy interception in the middle canopy, increase growth rate of dry matter and advance dry matter to reach the maximum growth rate, promote dry matter accumulation and transportat, improve solar and heat resource utilization efficiency, and achieve high yield and efficiency of spring maize in this area. Meanwhile, the lower moisture content of grain was suitable for mechanical harvesting.

Key words: spring maize, planting density, solar and heat resources, accumulated transport of substances, mechanical grain harvesting

图1

2019?2020年玉米生育期温度和光辐射变化"

表1

密度对不同生育期玉米品种产量及其构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety name		 密度
Density		 穗粒数
Grains per ear (spike hm-2)		 百粒重
100-kernel weight
(g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 籽粒含水率
Grain moisture content
(%)
2019 东单60
Dongdan 60		 D1 712.9 a 38.6 a 13,052.8 d 25.5 a
D2 686.3 b 37.6 a 15,673.6 c 24.4 ab
D3 675.1 b 34.9 b 17,099.3 a 22.3 bc
D4 646.8 c 32.8 b 16,370.6 b 22.1 c
大丰30
Dafeng 30		 D1 732.4 a 42.9 a 14,174.3 d 22.2 a
D2 678.0 b 40.9 b 15,549.3 c 21.0 ab
D3 653.7 c 40.2 b 17,848.0 b 20.4 ab
D4 648.7 c 38.3 c 19,126.5 a 20.0 b
2020 东单60
Dongdan 60		 D1 623.7 a 37.4 a 11,570.3 d 26.2 a
D2 605.8 b 36.8 a 14,093.0 c 25.0 a
D3 575.1 c 35.3 b 16,806.6 a 24.5 a
D4 565.9 c 33.5 c 14,911.5 b 22.5 b
大丰30
Dafeng 30		 D1 692.2 a 40.8 a 12,396.4 c 23.9 a
D2 676.1 b 38.6 b 14,944.2 b 23.6 a
D3 650.1 b 37.8 b 17,332.9 a 22.5 ab
D4 565.1 c 35.6 c 18,448.4 a 21.4 b
变异来源
Source of variation		 年份Year (Y) ** ** ** **
品种Variety (V) ** ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** **
Y×V ** ** * ns
Y×D ** ns * ns
V×D ** ns ** ns
Y×V×D ** ns ** ns

图2

不同生育期玉米品种种植密度和产量、籽粒含水率的关系"

表2

冠层不同层次光能截获率与籽粒产量之间的回归关系"

项目
Item		 回归方程
Regression		 决定系数
R2
产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 Y=29,386.2ΔT1+27,614.9ΔT2
-7874.3ΔT3-2798.8		 0.818**
Y=36,773.9ΔT-14,617.0 0.620**

图3

密度对不同生育期品种玉米叶面积指数的影响 DD60: 东单60; DF30: 大丰30; V6: 拔节期; V12: 喇叭口期; R1: 吐丝期。处理同表1。同列标以不同字母的值在处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表3

不同生育期玉米品种在不同密度下的生育进程和有效积温利用"

品种
Variety		 密度
Density		 播种期
Sowing date (M/D)		 吐丝期
R1
(M/D)		 生理成熟期
R6
(M/D)		 吐丝前
有效积温
EATBS (℃)		 吐丝后
有效积温
EATAS (℃)		 生育期
Total growth
(d)		 总有效积温
TEAT
(℃)		 温度利用效率TUE
(kg hm-2 ℃-1)
2019
东单60
Dongdan 60		 D1 4/30 7/14 9/28 683.79 771.63 149 1455.42 9.19 d
D2 4/30 7/14 9/27 683.79 765.54 148 1449.33 11.06 c
D3 4/30 7/14 9/27 683.79 765.54 148 1449.33 12.06 b
D4 4/30 7/14 9/26 683.79 758.66 147 1442.45 11.67 a
大丰30
Dafeng 30		 D1 4/30 7/14 9/23 671.06 759.03 145 1430.09 10.44 d
D2 4/30 7/14 9/22 683.79 740.86 144 1424.65 11.49 c
D3 4/30 7/14 9/22 683.79 740.86 144 1424.65 13.19 b
D4 4/30 7/14 9/20 683.79 730.56 142 1414.35 14.29 a
2020
东单60
Dongdan 60		 D1 5/1 7/14 9/29 724.91 754.40 149 1497.31 8.18 d
D2 5/1 7/14 9/28 724.91 749.06 148 1491.97 10.01 c
D3 5/1 7/14 9/28 724.91 749.06 148 1491.97 11.93 b
D4 5/1 7/14 9/27 724.91 743.75 147 1486.66 10.70 a
大丰30
Dafeng 30		 D1 5/1 7/13 9/24 731.02 748.32 145 1479.34 9.11 d
D2 5/1 7/13 9/24 731.02 748.32 145 1479.34 11.02 c
D3 5/1 7/14 9/22 742.91 727.21 143 1470.12 12.79 b
D4 5/1 7/14 9/21 742.91 721.19 142 1464.10 13.73 a

表4

密度对不同生育期玉米品种光能辐射利用效率的影响"

品种
Variety		 密度
Density		 吐丝前Pre-silking 吐丝后Post-silking 全生育期Total growth period
IPAR
(MJ m-1)		 RUE
(g MJ-1)		 IPAR
(MJ m-1)		 RUE
(g MJ-1)		 IPAR
(MJ m-1)		 RUE
(g MJ-1)
2019
东单60
Dongdan 60		 D1 1030.00 1.09 b 965.37 1.19 a 1995.37 1.14 b
D2 1048.29 1.13 b 979.38 1.24 a 2027.67 1.18 ab
D3 1091.91 1.24 a 1012.78 1.30 a 2104.69 1.27 a
D4 1046.57 1.24 a 978.06 1.26 a 2024.63 1.25 a
大丰30
Dafeng 30		 D1 1095.59 1.12 b 839.01 1.32 c 1934.60 1.21 c
D2 1124.11 1.14 b 860.86 1.39 bc 1984.97 1.25 bc
D3 1183.46 1.19 b 906.31 1.46 b 2089.77 1.31 b
D4 1193.06 1.33 a 913.66 1.67 a 2106.71 1.48 a
2020
东单60
Dongdan 60		 D1 958.20 0.97 b 818.58 1.19 b 1776.78 1.07 c
D2 1015.44 1.04 ab 860.25 1.23 ab 1875.69 1.13 bc
D3 1078.04 1.16 a 905.82 1.30 a 1983.86 1.22 a
D4 1028.39 1.11 a 869.68 1.27 ab 1898.07 1.18 ab
大丰30
Dafeng 30		 D1 1005.41 0.98 c 731.98 1.31 c 1737.39 1.12 d
D2 1063.68 1.03 c 774.41 1.37 bc 1838.09 1.18 c
D3 1132.20 1.12 b 824.29 1.43 ab 1956.48 1.25 b
D4 1153.42 1.21 a 839.74 1.52 a 1993.17 1.34 a

图4

密度对不同生育期品种玉米冠能光能截获率的影响 图柱上小写字母不同表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同表1, 缩写同图3。"

图5

不同生育期玉米品种光能辐射利用效率与种植密度之间的关系 缩写同图3。"

表5

密度对不同生育期玉米品种物质生产转运的影响"

品种
Variety		 密度
Density		 总生物量
Total biomass (kg hm-2)		 花前干物质积累量DMABS
(kg hm-2)		 花后干物积累量DMAAS
(kg hm-2)		 花后转运率
DMTR
(%)		 花后干物质转运对籽粒的贡献率CGDMT (%)
2019
东单60
Dongdan 60		 D1 22,757.70 d 11,233.57 b 11,524.13 b 19.52 b 16.08 b
D2 24,024.00 c 11,865.98 b 12,158.02 ab 21.59 b 17.38 b
D3 26,692.83 a 13,544.67 a 13,147.90 a 29.70 a 23.46 a
D4 25,223.08 b 12,931.67 a 12,291.42 ab 27.44 a 22.40 a
大丰30
Dafeng 30		 D1 23,320.67 c 12,273.15 c 11,047.52 c 21.53 b 19.42 c
D2 24,744.67 c 12,787.20 bc 11,957.47 bc 22.57 b 19.47 c
D3 27,298.08 b 14,101.00 b 13,197.08 b 30.33 a 24.48 b
D4 31,115.23 a 15,832.80 a 15,282.43 a 32.70 a 25.30 a
品种
Variety		 密度
Density		 总生物量
Total biomass (kg hm-2)		 花前干物质积累量DMABS
(kg hm-2)		 花后干物积累量DMAAS
(kg hm-2)		 花后转运率
DMTR
(%)		 花后干物质转运对籽粒的贡献率CGDMT (%)
2020
东单60
Dongdan 60		 D1 19,049.50 d 9317.36 c 9732.14 a 19.61 a 15.94 b
D2 21,142.13 c 10,564.45 bc 10,577.68 a 24.38 a 19.71 ab
D3 24,279.00 a 12,492.13 a 11,786.87 a 26.51 a 22.39 a
D4 22,458.63 b 11,441.93 ab 11,016.70 a 25.84 a 21.31 a
大丰30
Dafeng 30		 D1 19,474.16 d 9887.67 d 9589.50 d 18.99 b 16.45 c
D2 21,634.72 c 10,989.60 c 10,645.12 c 27.89 a 22.34 b
D3 24,487.11 b 12,731.80 b 11,755.31 b 30.18 a 24.63 a
D4 26,732.58 a 13,975.67 a 12,756.92 a 30.41 a 25.00 a

图6

不同生育期玉米品种在不同密度配置下的干物质积累动态变化 处理同表1, 缩写同图3。"

图7

物质生产、光温资源利用效率与产量相关性分析 IPARBS: 花前截获光合有效辐射; IPARAS: 花后截获光合有效辐射; TEAT: 总有效积温; RUE: 光能利用效率; TUE: 温度利用效率; DMABS: 花前干物质累积量; DMAAS: 花后干物质累积量; DMTR: 干物质转运率; GMC: 籽粒含水率; GY: 籽粒产量。缩写同图3。*表示在P < 0.05水平差异显著, **表示在P < 0.01水平差异显著。"

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