中国作物分子设计育种

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.00191

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 分子设计育种通过多种技术的集成与整合，对育种程序中的诸多因素进行模拟、筛选和优化，提出最佳的符合育种目标的基因型以及实现目标基因型的亲本选配和后代选择策略，以提高作物育种中的预见性和育种效率，实现从传统的“经验育种”到定向、高效的“精确育种”的转化。分子设计育种主要包含以下3个步骤：(1)研究目标性状基因以及基因间的相互关系，即找基因(或生产品种的原材料)，这一步骤包括构建遗传群体、筛选多态性标记、构建遗传连锁图谱、数量性状表型鉴定和遗传分析等内容；(2)根据不同生态环境条件下的育种目标设计目标基因型，即找目标(或设计品种原型)，这一步骤利用已经鉴定出的各种重要育种性状的基因信息，包括基因在染色体上的位置、遗传效应、基因到性状的生化网络和表达途径、基因之间的互作、基因与遗传背景和环境之间的互作等，模拟预测各种可能基因型的表现型，从中选择符合特定育种目标的基因型；(3)选育目标基因型的途径分析，即找途径(或制定生产品种的育种方案)。本文评述近几年来我国在遗传研究材料创新、重要性状遗传分析、育种模拟工具开发和应用、设计育种实践、分子设计育种技术体系建设等方面取得的重要进展，结合国内外研究现状对分子设计育种的未来进行展望，最后指出我国近期应加强育种预测方法和工具、基因和环境互作、遗传交配设计、作物功能基因组学、生物信息学方法和工具、设计育种技术体系和决策支持平台等领域的研究，同时重视人才培养和团队建设。

关键词: 作物, 分子设计育种, 育种模拟, 目标基因型, 育种策略

Abstract: Molecular design breeding is a highly integrated system built on multiple scientific disciplines and technological areas. It allows the simulation and optimization of the breeding procedure before breeders’ field experiments. Thus the best target genotypes to meet various breeding objectives in various ecological regions, and the most efficient and effective crossing and selection strategies approaching the best target genotypes can be identified. The design breeding greatly increases the predictability in conventional breeding, leading to the evolution from “phenotypic breeding by experience” to “genotypic breeding by prediction” and an increased breeding efficiency and effectiveness. Three major steps are involved in design breeding. The first step is to identify genes affecting breeding traits and to study gene and gene interactions, i.e., to seek for the original materials for producing the crop cultivars, which includes establishment of genetic populations, screening of polymorphism markers, construction of linkage maps, phenotypic evaluation and genetic analysis etc. The second step is to determine the target genotypes for various breeding objectives in various ecological regions, i.e., prototype of the final cultivar product, which includes the genotype-to-phenotype prediction based on identified and known gene information, i.e., locations of genes on chromosomes, biochemical pathways and expression networks from genes to traits, their genetic effects on breeding traits, and the interactions between genes. The third step is to identify the most efficient breeding strategies leading to the target genotypes determined in the second step, i.e., a detailed blue chart to produce the designed crop cultivars. Significant progresses have been made in crop molecular design breeding in China in recent years. This paper first summarized major progresses made in the development of novel genetic materials, genetic study of important breeding traits, development and application of breeding simulation tools, application of design breeding, and the platform research and development in molecular design breeding in crops in China. A perspective view of molecular design breeding was given for the near future after reviewing the current research both in China and worldwide. Finally, major research areas relevant to molecular design breeding in China were proposed, among which are prediction methods and tools of genetics and breeding, genetic mating designs and analysis, gene and environment interactions, functional genomics of crops, methods and tools of bioinformatics, technical systems and decision-supported tools. Professional development and education, and team building are essential as well to China’s leading role in crop molecular design breeding in the world.

Key words: Crop, Molecular design breeding, Breeding simulation, Target genotype, Breeding strategy

王建康, 李慧慧, 张学才, 尹长斌, 黎裕, 马有志, 李新海, 邱丽娟, 万建民. 中国作物分子设计育种[J]. 作物学报, 2011, 37(02): 191-201.

WANG Jian-Kang, LI Hui-Hui, ZHANG Hua-Cai, YIN Chang-Bin, LI Yu, MA Wei-Zhi, LI Xin-Hai, QIU Li-Juan, MO Jian-Min. Molecular Design Breeding in Crops in China[J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37(02): 191-201.

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