作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (12): 1747-1754.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01747
Lu-Lu LI,Jun XUE,Rui-Zhi XIE,Ke-Ru WANG,Bo MING,Peng HOU,Shang GAO,Shao-Kun LI(
)
摘要:
玉米机械粒收过程中出现的籽粒破碎、果穗遗漏、籽粒散落等影响收获质量的现象是机械粒收推广过程中备受关注的问题。开展机械粒收质量及其影响因素研究, 是确定适宜粒收时期、指导品种改良等的基础, 对于机械粒收技术的推广普及具有重要意义。本研究于2015年和2017年在中国农业科院新乡综合试验站, 以黄淮海夏玉米区生产用品种为试材, 采用同一收获机和操作人员分期收获, 调查不同收获期籽粒含水率变化以及破碎率、杂质率、落粒率和落穗率等机械粒收质量指标, 分析籽粒含水率与粒收质量指标的关系。结果显示, 随着收获期推迟, 籽粒含水率逐渐降低, 籽粒破碎率和落粒率呈先降低后升高趋势, 杂质率逐渐降低, 落穗率逐渐增加。2年参试样本籽粒含水率分布在9.68%~41.36%之间, 破碎率与籽粒含水率的关系符合y = 0.068x 2-2.743x+31.09 (R 2= 0.79 **, n = 140)模型; 含水率在15.47%~24.78%之间时, 破碎率低于5%; 含水率为20.05%时, 破碎率最低。杂质率与籽粒含水率的关系符合y = 0.0158e 0.1111 x(R 2= 0.66 **, n = 140)模型, 杂质率随着含水率降低逐渐降低并趋于稳定。落粒率与籽粒含水率符合y = 0.006x 2-0.236x+3.479 (R 2= 0.42 **, n = 127)模型, 含水率为20.37%时, 落粒率最低。落穗率与籽粒含水率符合y = 2578.7645/x 2.2453(R 2= 0.35 **, n = 140)模型, 当含水率低于16.15%时, 落穗率将超过5%。研究还发现, 即使籽粒含水率相近, 不同品种的收获质量(特别是籽粒破碎率)也存在显著差异。本研究的结果表明, 破碎率是决定机械粒收质量的关键因素, 以破碎率5%和落穗率5%为标准, 黄淮海夏玉米适宜机械粒收的籽粒含水率范围为16.15%~24.78%, 籽粒含水率在20%左右时, 收获质量最佳。
| [1] | 国家质量监督检验检疫总局和国家标准化委员会. 玉米收获机械技术条件. GB/T 21961-2008, 2008 |
| People’s Republic of China National Standard. Technical Requirements for Maize Combine Harvester. GB/T 21961-2008, 2008 ( in Chinese) | |
| [2] | 国家质量监督检验检疫总局和国家标准化委员会. 玉米收获机械技术条件.GB/T 21962-2008, 2008 |
| People’s Republic of China National Standard. Technical Requirements for Maize Combine Harvester. GB/T 21962-2008, 2008 (in Chinese) | |
| [3] | 国家质量监督检验检疫总局和国家标准化委员会. 玉米.GB1353-2009, 2009 |
| People’s Republic of China National Standard. Maize. GB1353-2009,2009(in Chinese) | |
| [4] |
柴宗文, 王克如, 郭银巧, 谢瑞芝, 李璐璐, 明博, 侯鹏, 刘朝巍, 初振东, 张万旭, 张国强, 刘广周, 李少昆 . 玉米机械粒收质量现状及其与含水率的关系. 中国农业科学, 2017,50:2036-2043
doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.009 |
|
Chai Z W, Wang K R, Guo Y Q, Xie R Z, Li L L, Ming B, Hou P, Liu C W, Chu Z D, Zhang W X, Zhang G Q, Liu G Z, Li S K . Current status of maize mechanical grain harvesting and its relationship with grain moisture content. Sci Agric Sin, 2017,50:2036-2043 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.009 |
|
| [5] | 李少昆, 王克如, 谢瑞芝, 李璐璐, 明博, 侯鹏, 初振东, 张万旭, 刘朝巍 . 玉米子粒机械收获破碎率研究. 作物杂志, 2017, ( 2):76-80 |
| Li S K, Wang K R, Xie R Z, Li L L, Ming B, Hou P, Chu Z D, Zhang W X, Liu C W . Grain breakage rate of maize by mechanical harvesting in China. Crops, 2017, ( 2):76-80 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [6] |
王克如, 李少昆 . 玉米机械粒收破碎率研究进展. 中国农业科学, 2017,50:2018-2026
doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.007 |
|
Wang K R, Li S K . Progresses in research on grain broken rate by mechanical grain harvesting. Sci Agric Sin, 2017,50:2018-2026 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.007 |
|
| [7] |
王克如, 李少昆 . 玉米籽粒脱水速率影响因素分析. 中国农业科学, 2017,50:2027-2035
doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.008 |
|
Wang K R, Li S K . Analysis of influencing factors on kernel dehydration rate of maize hybrids. Sci Agric Sin, 2017,50:2027-2035 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.008 |
|
| [8] |
Waelti H, Buchele W F . Factors affecting corn kernel damage in combine cylinders. Trans ASAE, 1969,12:55-59
doi: 10.13031/2013.38762 |
| [9] |
Johnson D Q, Russell W A . Genetic variability and relationships of physical grain-quality traits in the BSSS population of maize. Crop Sci, 1982,22:805-809
doi: 10.2135/cropsci1982.0011183X002200040025x |
| [10] | 谢瑞芝, 雷晓鹏, 王克如, 郭银巧, 柴宗文, 侯鹏, 李少昆 . 黄淮海夏玉米籽粒机械收获研究初报. 作物杂志, 2014, ( 2):76-79 |
| Xie R Z, Lei X P, Wang K R, Guo Y Q, Chai Z W, Hou P, Li S K . Research on corn mechanically harvesting grain quality in Huanghuaihai Plain. Crops, 2014, ( 2):76-79 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [11] | 李璐璐, 雷晓鹏, 谢瑞芝, 王克如, 侯鹏, 张凤路, 李少昆 . 夏玉米机械粒收质量影响因素分析. 中国农业科学, 2017,50:2044-2051 |
| Li L L, Lei X P, Xie R Z, Wang K R, Hou P, Zhang F L, Li S K . Analysis of influential factors on mechanical grain harvest quality of summer maize. Sci Agric Sin, 2017,50:2044-2051 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [12] | Chowdhury M H, Buchele W F . The nature of corn kernel damage inflicted in the shelling crescent of grain combines. Int J Eng Model, 1978,21:610-614 |
| [13] | 曲宏杰 . 籽粒型玉米收获机适应性的试验与研究. 山东理工大学硕士学位论文,山东淄博, 2013 |
| Qu H J . Experiment and Research on Adaptability of Grain Corn Harvester. MS Thesis of Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong,China, 2013 ( in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [14] | 相茂国 . 玉米籽粒直收机械适应性研究. 山东理工大学硕士学位论文,山东淄博, 2014 |
| Xiang M G . Study on the Adaptability of Corn Grain Harvesting Device. MS Thesis of Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong,China, 2014 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [15] | 柳枫贺, 王克如, 李健, 王喜梅, 孙亚玲, 陈永生, 王玉华, 韩冬生, 李少昆 . 影响玉米机械收粒质量因素的分析. 作物杂志, 2013, ( 4):116-119 |
| Liu F H, Wang K R, Li J, Wang X M, Sun Y L, Chen Y S, Wang Y H, Han D S, Li S K . Factors affecting corn mechanically harvesting grain quality. Crops, 2013, ( 4):116-119 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [16] |
Cloninger F D, Horrocks R D, Zuber M S . Effects of harvest date, plant density, and hybrid on corn grain quality. Agron J, 1975,67:693-695
doi: 10.2134/agronj1975.00021962006700050028x |
| [17] |
Huang H, Dan B F, Berger L L, Eckhoff S R . Harvest date influence on dry matter yield and moisture of corn and stover. Trans ASAE, 2012,55:593-598
doi: 10.13031/2013.41360 |
| [18] |
Hall G E, Johnson W H . Corn kernel crackage induced by mechanical shelling. Trans ASAE, 1970,13:51-55
doi: 10.13031/2013.38533 |
| [19] |
Plett S . Corn kernel breakage as a function of grain moisture at harvest in a prairie environment. Can J Plant Sci, 1994,74:543-544
doi: 10.1007/BF02849101 |
| [20] | 宋卫堂, 封俊, 胡鸿烈 . 北京地区夏玉米联合收获的试验研究. 农业机械学报, 2005,36(5):45-48 |
| Song W T, Feng J, Hu H L . Experimental study on combine harvesting of summer corn in Beijing area. Trans CSAM, 2005,36(5):45-48 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [21] |
Waelti H . Physical Properties and Morphological Characteristics of Maize and Their Influence on Threshing Injury of Kernels. PhD Dissertation of Iowa State University, Iowa,America, 1967
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9655.2010.01632_21.x |
| [22] |
周旭 . 玉米种子脱粒损伤机理与低损伤脱粒原理研究. 沈阳农业大学硕士学位论文,辽宁沈阳, 2006
doi: 10.7666/d.y891736 |
|
Zhou X . Research the Damage Mechanism of Seed Com and Threshing Technology with Lower Damage. MS Thesis of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning,China, 2006 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.7666/d.y891736 |
|
| [23] |
李心平 . 种子玉米脱粒损伤机理及5TYZ-1型定向喂入式脱粒机研究. 沈阳农业大学博士学位论文,辽宁沈阳, 2007
doi: 10.7666/d.y1172042 |
|
Li X P . Study on Threshing Damage Mechanism of Seed Corn and Study on 5TYZ-1 Directional Feed Thresher. PhD Dissertation of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning,China, 2007 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.7666/d.y1172042 |
|
| [24] |
王克如, 李璐璐, 郭银巧, 范盼盼, 柴宗文, 侯鹏, 谢瑞芝, 李少昆 . 不同机械作业对玉米子粒收获质量的影响. 玉米科学, 2016,24(1):114-116
doi: 10.13597/j.cnki.maize.science.20160119 |
|
Wang K R, Li L L, Guo Y Q, Fan P P, Chai Z W, Hou P, Xie R Z, Li S K . Effects of different mechanical operation on maize grain harvest quality. J Maize Sci 2016,24(1):114-116 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.13597/j.cnki.maize.science.20160119 |
|
| [25] | 任佰朝, 高飞, 魏玉君, 董树亭, 赵斌, 刘鹏, 张吉旺 . 冬小麦-夏玉米周年生产条件下夏玉米的适宜熟期与积温需求特性. 作物学报, 2018,44:137-143 |
| Ren B Z, Gao F, Wei Y J, Dong S T, Zhao B, Liu P, Zhang J W . Suitable maturity period and accumulated temperature of summer maize in wheat-maize double cropping system. Acta Agron Sin, 2018,44:137-143 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [26] |
Martin C R, Converse H H, Czuchajowska Z, Lai F S, Pomeranz Y . Breakage susceptibility and hardness of corn kernels of various sizes and shapes. Appl Eng Agric, 1987,3:104-113
doi: 10.13031/2013.26655 |
| [27] |
杨引福, 李向拓, 谢恩魁 . 不同硬质度胚乳奥帕克-2(o2)玉米籽粒超微结构与品质性状的相关研究. 中国农业科学, 2005,38:59-63
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2005.01.011 |
|
Yang Y F, Li X T, Xie E K . Correlation between ultra- microstructure and nutrition quality in opaque-2 corn kernels with different hardness endosperm. Sci Agric Sin, 2005,38:59-63 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2005.01.011 |
|
| [28] |
张锋伟, 赵武云, 韩正晟, 刘聚才, 杨小平, 戴飞 . 玉米籽粒力学性能试验分析. 中国农机化, 2010, ( 3):75-78
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7205.0000.00.020 |
|
Zhang F W, Zhao W Y, Han Z S, Liu J C, Yang X P, Dai F . Experimental researches on mechanical properties of corn kernels. Chin Agric Mech, 2010, ( 3):75-78 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7205.0000.00.020 |
|
| [29] | Jennings V M . Genotypic Variability in Grain Quality of Corn Zea mays L. PhD Dissertation of Iowa State University, Iowa,America, 1974 |
| [30] | 蔡超杰, 陈志, 韩增德, 刘贵明, 张宗玲, 郝俊发 . 种子玉米生物力学特性与脱粒性能的关系研究. 农机化研究, 2017,39(4):192-196 |
| Cai C J, Chen Z, Han Z D, Liu G M, Zhang Z L, Hao J F . Study on relationship of biomechanical characteristics of corn seed and threshing performance. J Agric Mechanization Res, 2017,39(4):192-196 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [31] | 李心平, 高连兴 . 种子玉米籽粒果柄断裂机理试验研究. 农业工程学报, 2007,23(11):47-51 |
| Li X P, Gao L X . Experimental study on breaking mechanism of kernel stem of corn seed. Trans CSAE, 2007,23(11):47-51 (in Chinese with English abstract) | |
| [32] |
高连兴, 李飞, 张新伟, 张永丽, 刘新, 焦维鹏 . 含水率对种子玉米脱粒性能的影响机理. 农业机械学报, 2011,42(12):92-96
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1298.[year].[issue].[sequence] |
|
Gao L X, Li F, Zhang X W, Zhang Y L, Liu X, Jiao W P . Mechanism of moisture content affect on corn seed threshing. Trans CSAM, 2011,42(12):92-96 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1298.[year].[issue].[sequence] |
|
| [33] | 刘赢 . 玉米果穗籽粒离散过程中籽粒间力学特性的研究. 河南科技大学硕士学位论文,河南洛阳, 2014 |
| Liu Y . Experimental Research of Corn Ear Kernels for Mechanical Properties on the Discrete Process. MS Thesis of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan,China, 2014 ( in Chinese with English abstract) |
| [1] | 刘恩波, 陈静, 李红星, 于宁宁, 任佰朝, 赵斌, 刘鹏, 张吉旺. 遮阴改变源-库平衡和调节碳水化合物代谢进而抑制夏玉米幼穗发育[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(6): 1891-1901. |
| [2] | 梁进宇, 尹嘉德, 王红丽, 张国平, 侯慧芝, 董博, 马明生. 基于无人机高光谱和机器学习的旱地饲用玉米叶片氮含量估测[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(6): 1788-1801. |
| [3] | 孙淑凤, 许振南, 黄嘉鑫, 翁建峰, 李新海. 玉米MAPK家族全基因组鉴定及其对拟轮枝镰孢菌感染的响应[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(5): 1291-1308. |
| [4] | 张宁宁, 滕雨菲, 任娜娜, 魏兴卓, 闫书豪, 樊可心, 王永宏, 陈文康, 张兴华, 朱万超, 徐淑兔, 薛吉全. 201份玉米自交系抗旱表型评价及可塑性分析[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(5): 1309-1325. |
| [5] | 张鸿蓉, 王菲儿, 李盼, 仇海龙, 朱静, 赵连豪, 南运有, 何蔚, 樊志龙, 胡发龙, 柴强, 殷文. 减量20%灌水与25%有机肥替代化肥提高青贮玉米产量的光合特性[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(5): 1487-1500. |
| [6] | 杨欣雨, 崔文涛, 迪力尼格尔·阿力木, 汪凯翔, 吴鹏昊, 任姣姣. 玉米穗上叶片数全基因组关联分析和全基因组选择[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(5): 1573-1590. |
| [7] | 韩亚鑫, 何冠华, 张小琼, 张登峰, 李永祥, 刘旭洋, 王天宇, 黎裕, 邹华文, 李春辉. 基于RNA-Seq和BSA-Seq联合分析挖掘玉米侧根密度基因资源[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(5): 1341-1352. |
| [8] | 杨扬, 常诗惠, 田红丽, 易红梅, 王璐, 任洁, 范亚明, 刘亚维, 王凤格, 赵久然. 不同生态区国审玉米品种的遗传多样性分析[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(5): 1352-1364. |
| [9] | 蔡宏玮, 于爱忠, 姜科强, 王鹏飞, 王玉珑, 霍建喆, 庞小能, 尹波, 尚永盼. 干旱灌区有机肥替代部分化肥促进甜玉米产量提升的关键机制[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(4): 1166-1180. |
| [10] | 田红丽, 杨扬, 范亚明, 易红梅, 郭丹丹, 王凤格, 赵久然. 适于玉米品种鉴定的一套三等位变异SNP新型标记组合[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(4): 993-1005. |
| [11] | 杨亚莉, 徐明睿, 马越飞, 海艺蕊, 刘凯栋, 刘万茂, 孙颖. 玉米根尖及整根响应缺铁的转录组比较研究[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(4): 1006-1021. |
| [12] | 马亮, 马璐, 张舒钰, 章慧敏, 王仁明, 宋旭东, 张振良, 冒宇翔, 陆虎华, 陈国清, 郝德荣, 周广飞. 玉米苞叶数目转录组分析及候选基因鉴定[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(3): 790-801. |
| [13] | 孟成, 王哲. 玉米ZmPFK基因家族全基因组鉴定及响应胁迫表达分析[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(3): 764-779. |
| [14] | 李新浩, 邢梦柯, 周梓惠, 李思烨, 任昊, 王洪章, 赖华江. 外源褪黑素通过协调光反应与暗反应增强玉米苗期的耐热性[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(3): 839-856. |
| [15] | 张超, 郭欢, 李忠玲, 岳淑宁, 赵娜. 基于BSA-seq技术定位玉米籽粒花青素关联基因[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(3): 780-789. |
|
||