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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (12): 1747-1754.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01747

• 专题: 玉米籽粒脱水与机械收获研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

夏玉米籽粒含水率对机械粒收质量的影响

李璐璐,薛军,谢瑞芝,王克如,明博,侯鹏,高尚,李少昆()   

  1. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业部作物生理生态重点实验室, 北京100081
  • 收稿日期:2018-01-23 接受日期:2018-06-12 出版日期:2018-12-12 网络出版日期:2018-07-06
  • 通讯作者: 李少昆
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300110);本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300101);国家自然科学基金项目(31371575);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-25);中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程项目资助

Effects of Grain Moisture Content on Mechanical Grain Harvesting Quality of Summer Maize

Lu-Lu LI,Jun XUE,Rui-Zhi XIE,Ke-Ru WANG,Bo MING,Peng HOU,Shang GAO,Shao-Kun LI()   

  1. Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2018-01-23 Accepted:2018-06-12 Published:2018-12-12 Published online:2018-07-06
  • Contact: Shao-Kun LI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300110);This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300101);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371575);the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-25);the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

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摘要：

玉米机械粒收过程中出现的籽粒破碎、果穗遗漏、籽粒散落等影响收获质量的现象是机械粒收推广过程中备受关注的问题。开展机械粒收质量及其影响因素研究, 是确定适宜粒收时期、指导品种改良等的基础, 对于机械粒收技术的推广普及具有重要意义。本研究于2015年和2017年在中国农业科院新乡综合试验站, 以黄淮海夏玉米区生产用品种为试材, 采用同一收获机和操作人员分期收获, 调查不同收获期籽粒含水率变化以及破碎率、杂质率、落粒率和落穗率等机械粒收质量指标, 分析籽粒含水率与粒收质量指标的关系。结果显示, 随着收获期推迟, 籽粒含水率逐渐降低, 籽粒破碎率和落粒率呈先降低后升高趋势, 杂质率逐渐降低, 落穗率逐渐增加。2年参试样本籽粒含水率分布在9.68%~41.36%之间, 破碎率与籽粒含水率的关系符合y = 0.068x 2-2.743x+31.09 (R 2= 0.79 **, n = 140)模型; 含水率在15.47%~24.78%之间时, 破碎率低于5%; 含水率为20.05%时, 破碎率最低。杂质率与籽粒含水率的关系符合y = 0.0158e 0.1111 x(R 2= 0.66 **, n = 140)模型, 杂质率随着含水率降低逐渐降低并趋于稳定。落粒率与籽粒含水率符合y = 0.006x 2-0.236x+3.479 (R 2= 0.42 **, n = 127)模型, 含水率为20.37%时, 落粒率最低。落穗率与籽粒含水率符合y = 2578.7645/x 2.2453(R 2= 0.35 **, n = 140)模型, 当含水率低于16.15%时, 落穗率将超过5%。研究还发现, 即使籽粒含水率相近, 不同品种的收获质量(特别是籽粒破碎率)也存在显著差异。本研究的结果表明, 破碎率是决定机械粒收质量的关键因素, 以破碎率5%和落穗率5%为标准, 黄淮海夏玉米适宜机械粒收的籽粒含水率范围为16.15%~24.78%, 籽粒含水率在20%左右时, 收获质量最佳。

关键词: 玉米, 机械粒收, 收获质量, 破碎率, 杂质率

Abstract:

Broken grains, losing ears and grains always occur when maize is harvested by grain harvester, which is a hot topic. Studying grain mechanical harvesting quality and its affecting factors is of great significance for popularizing this technology, which provides a basis for finding out the best harvesting time and the direction of maize cultivar development. The experiments were conducted in Comprehensive Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences located in Xinxiang city in 2015 and 2017. The dozens of popular cultivars grown in the Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain summer maize region were harvested in different harvest times by a same grain combine harvester and a same driver. Indicators of grain moisture content, broken rate, impurity rate, grain loss rate and ear loss rate were measured to analyze their mutual relationships. With delaying harvest time, grain moisture content and impurity rate declined gradually, grain broken rate and grain loss rate decreased first and then increased, ear loss rate gradually rose. The grain moisture contents ranged from 9.68% to 41.36% in the two years. Its relationship with broken rate could be fitted by the equation y = 0.068x 2-2.743x+31.09 (R 2= 0.79 **, n = 140). Broken rate could be less than 5% when moisture content was 15.47%-24.78%. When moisture content was 20.05%, broken rate was the lowest. The relationship between impurity rate and moisture content could be fitted by the equation y = 0.0158e 0.1111 x(R 2= 0.66 **, n = 140). Impurity rate decreased first and then tended to be stable with falling moisture content. Grain loss rate and moisture content could be regressed in the equation y = 0.006x 2-0.236x+3.479 (R 2= 0.42 **, n = 127). Grain loss rate was the lowest when moisture content was 20.37%. Ear loss rate and moisture content could be regressed in the equation y = 2578.7645/x 2.2453 (R 2= 0.35 **, n = 140). Ear loss rate was more than 5% when moisture content was below 16.15%. We also found that harvesting qualities, especially broken rate, of different cultivars had significant differences while their grain moisture contents were the same. In conclusion, broken rate is the key factor that determined the quality of grain mechanical harvesting. The optimal grain moisture content interval of mechanical harvesting in Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain summer maize region is 16.15%-24.78% at the standard of 5% broken rate and 5% ear loss rate. The harvesting quality would be the best when the moisture content is about 20%.

Key words: Maize, Mechanical grain harvesting, Harvesting quality, Broken rate, Impurity rate

表1

2015年和2017年参试品种"

年份
Year		 品种个数
Number		 品种
Cultivar
2015
 11 中科玉505、裕丰303、联创808、农华816、宁玉721、京农科728、禾田1号、中单909、先玉335、郑单958、农华101
Zhongkeyu 505, Yufeng 303, Lianchuang 808, Nonghua 816, Ningyu 721, Jingnongke 728, Hetian 1, Zhongdan 909, Xianyu 335, Zhengdan 958, Nonghua 101
2017 28 中科玉505、裕丰303、联创808、农华816、辽单585、辽单586、辽单575、MC670、泽玉501、泽玉8911、吉单66、东单913、联创825、金通152、农华5号、恒育898、迪卡517、迪卡653、新单58、新单65、新单68、陕单636、陕单650、宇玉30、利单295、LA 505、北斗309、豫单9953
Zhongkeyu 505, Yufeng 303, Lianchuang 808, Nonghua 816, Liaodan 585, Liaodan 586, Liaodan 575, MC670, Zeyu 501, Zeyu 8911, Jidan 66, Dongdan 913, Lianchuang 825, Jintong 152, Nonghua 5, Hengyu 898, Dika 517, Dika 653, Xindan 58, Xindan 65, Xindan 68, Shaandan 636, Shaandan 650, Yuyu 30, Lidan 295, LA505, Beidou 309, Yudan 9953

图1

不同时期收获玉米籽粒含水率的变化 箱形图中箱体部分代表50%样本的分布区域, 即四分位区间(IQR)。两端线为 Tukey 法判定的合理观测样本边界。箱体中实线为样本中位数, “· ”为异常值点 , “+”为样本均值。"

图2

2015年分期收获玉米破碎率和杂质率变化 处理同图1。"

图3

2017年分期收获玉米的破碎率、杂质率、落粒率和落穗率变化 处理同图1。"

图4

玉米破碎率、杂质率、落粒率、落穗率与籽粒含水率的关系(2017)"

表2

三组籽粒含水率相近玉米品种收获质量方差分析(2017)"

品种
Cultivar		 指标
Indicator		 收获时间 Harvest time (month/day)
10/6 10/16 10/27 11/10 11/25
迪卡653 Dika 653 含水率Moisture content (%) 38.04 33.93 27.08 19.22 12.49
辽单575 Liaodan 575 含水率Moisture content (%) 37.96 34.64 26.47 19.39 14.35
破碎率Broken rate ns ** ns ** *
杂质率Impurity rate ns ns ns ns ns
落粒率Grain loss rate — * ns * *
落穗率Ear loss rate — — ns ns **
金通152 Jintong 152 含水率Moisture content (%) 37.13 32.46 25.66 22.70 12.69
陕单636 Shaandan 636 含水率Moisture content (%) 37.61 33.19 25.34 22.08 12.35
破碎率Broken rate ** * ** ns **
杂质率Impurity rate ns ** ns ns ns
落粒率Grain loss rate — ns ns ns ns
落穗率Ear loss rate — ns ns ns ns
泽玉501 Zeyu 501 含水率Moisture content (%) 36.89 33.93 27.47 19.13 13.17
中科玉505 Zhongkeyu 505 含水率Moisture content (%) 36.05 33.65 27.05 18.25 12.88
破碎率Broken rate * ns ** * *
杂质率Impurity rate ns ns * ns *
落粒率Grain loss rate ns ns ns ns ns
落穗率Ear loss rate — — ns ns ns

表3

玉米品种间收获质量方差分析(2017)"

指标
Indicator		 含水率区间 Moisture content interval
11.05%-
14.05%		 14.05%-
17.05%		 17.05%-
20.05%		 20.05%-
23.05%		 23.05%-
26.05%		 26.05%-
29.05%		 29.05%-
32.05%		 32.05%-
35.05%		 35.05%-
38.05%		 总体
Total
破碎率Broken rate ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
杂质率Impurity rate ns ns ns ** * ** ns * ns ns
落粒率Grain loss rate ** ** ns ns ** ** ns ns ns ns
落穗率Ear loss rate ** ** ns ** ns ** ns ns — **
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