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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (5): 942-951.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02032

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

水稻机械精量有序抛秧栽培的产量形成和生长发育特征研究

王慰亲1(), 唐启源1,*(), 陈元伟1, 贾巍1, 罗友谊1, 王小卉1, 郑华斌1, 熊娇军2   

  1. 1湖南农业大学农学院, 湖南长沙 410128
    2大通湖区宏硕生态农业农机合作社, 湖南益阳 413207
  • 收稿日期:2020-05-12 接受日期:2020-11-13 出版日期:2021-05-12 网络出版日期:2020-12-23
  • 通讯作者: 唐启源
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wwqbrad@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-01-26)

Evaluation of orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting on yield formation and growth characteristics of rice

WANG Wei-Qin1(), TANG Qi-Yuan1,*(), CHEN Yuan-Wei1, JIA Wei1, LUO You-Yi1, WANG Xiao-Hui1, ZHENG Hua-Bin1, XIONG Jiao-Jun2   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
    2The Corporation of Hongshuo Agriculture, Yiyang 413207, Hunan, China
  • Received:2020-05-12 Accepted:2020-11-13 Published:2021-05-12 Published online:2020-12-23
  • Contact: TANG Qi-Yuan
  • Supported by:
    Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01-26)

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摘要：

水稻机械精量有序抛秧栽培是指通过有序抛秧机进行水稻分行分蔸有序抛栽的机械化种植方式, 解决了传统抛秧栽培田间种植无序和作业效率低等问题。本研究以手插秧和手抛秧模式作为对照, 通过2018—2019年的比较试验系统探究了精量有序机抛秧模式下水稻产量形成的特点及生长发育特性。研究结果表明, 精量有序机抛秧较手插秧增产22.4%~28.3%, 较手抛秧增产2.8%~8.9%。生长发育特性方面, 精量有序机抛秧群体通风性好, 生育后期的干物质同化积累能力强, 花后干物质积累量较手插秧和手抛秧分别增加52.8%和23.4%; 叶片衰老较慢、库充实度高, 与手插秧相比, 其单位面积有效穗数显著增加20.9%~64.2%; 与手抛秧相比, 结实率增加3~5个百分点, 进而促进其高产。然而, 精量有序机抛栽培模式下抛秧机及配套育秧技术等方面还有待改进以进一步发挥高产潜能, 同时围绕精量有序机抛秧技术的立苗缓青特征、分蘖发生特性和根系生长特点等方面的研究还有待深入开展。

关键词: 水稻, 有序机抛秧, 产量, 生长发育特性

Abstract:

Orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting refers to the rice establishment methods that throw-transplanted the rice seedlings to the field in rows and lines by seedling broadcasting machine. Which are suggested to prominently increase the uniformity and efficiency of rice crops compared with manual seedling broadcasting. The present study was carried out to compare the differences between orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting, manual transplanting and manual seedling broadcasting regarding yield formation and growth characteristics of rice. The results suggested that the grain yield of rice under orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting was increased compared with manual transplanting and manual seedling broadcasting by 22.4%-28.3% and 2.8%-8.9%, respectively. On the aspect of growth traits, the orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting was characterized as good ventilation, better assimilation ability of dry matter at late growth stages, delayed leaf senescence and high grain filling percentage, which increased the panicle numbers per square meter by 20.9%-64.2% compared with that of manual transplanting and increased the seed setting rate as compared with manual seedling-broadcasting. However, in order to further develop the potential of high yield, the techniques and planting machines of orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting still need to be improved. In addition, the process of seedling recovery, tiller development and root growth traits of rice under orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting should be explored in future studies.

Key words: rice, orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting, yield, growth characteristics

表1

田间群体风速测定时各品种和种植方式的群体特征指标"

品种
Variety		 种植方式
Planting pattern		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 地上部生物量
Above-ground biomass (g m-2)		 叶面积指数
Leaf area index
黄华占 手插秧 Manual transplanting 104.2 863.5 4.13
Huanghuazhan 手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting 109.7 1325.7 7.23
机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting 105.1 1172.8 6.88
甬优1538 手插秧 Manual transplanting 104.6 1042.4 4.32
Yongyou 1538 手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting 105.4 1602.6 7.84
机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting 103.6 1248.1 7.26

表2

黄华占和甬优1538在不同种植方式下的生育期表现"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 种植方式
Establishment methods		 播种-移栽
Seeding-
Transplanting
(d)		 移栽-齐穗
Transplanting-
Heading
(d)		 齐穗-成熟
Heading-
Maturity
(d)		 全生育期
Growth
durations
(d)
2018 黄华占 手插秧 Manual transplanting 20 65 38 123
Huanghuazhan 手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting 20 65 36 121
机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting 20 65 36 121
甬优1538 手插秧 Manual transplanting 20 74 50 144
Yongyou 1538 手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting 20 73 49 142
机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting 20 73 49 142
2019 黄华占 手插秧 Manual transplanting 21 65 33 119
Huanghuazhan 手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting 21 64 33 118
机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting 21 67 33 121
甬优1538 手插秧 Manual transplanting 21 67 50 138
Yongyou 1538 手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting 21 68 51 140
机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting 21 69 52 142

图1

黄华占和甬优1538在不同种植方式下的产量 不同小写字母代表同一年份下同一品种在不同种植方式间的多重比较(LSD测验5%水平)。"

表3

黄华占和甬优1538在不同种植方式下的产量构成因子"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 种植方式
Establishment methods		 单位面积有效穗数
Panicle numbers per m2		 每穗粒数
Spikelets per
panicle		 结实率
Seed setting
rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)
2018 黄华占 手插秧 Manual transplanting 254.7 b 164.0 a 88.3 a 19.4 a
Huanghuazhan 手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting 340.0 a 156.6 a 85.6 a 19.7 a
机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting 308.0 a 158.7 a 88.5 a 19.4 a
平均值 Mean value 300.9 A 159.8 A 87.5 A 19.5 A
甬优1538 手插秧 Manual transplanting 190.7 b 320.6 a 70.5 b 20.0 a
Yongyou 1538 手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting 310.7 a 312.7 a 76.3 ab 20.7 a
机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting 313.3 a 307.7 a 79.7 a 20.3 a
平均值 Mean value 271.6 A 313.7 A 77.6 A 20.9 A
2019 黄华占 手插秧 Manual transplanting 282.7 b 170.0 a 78.4 b 18.1 a
Huanghuazhan 手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting 372.0 a 146.8 b 79.3 ab 18.9 a
机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting 377.3 a 151.7 ab 83.4 a 19.1 a
平均值 Mean value 344.0 A 156.2 A 80.4 B 18.7 A
甬优1538 手插秧 Manual transplanting 193.3 b 303.4 a 76.2 b 21.1 a
Yongyou 1538 手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting 289.3 a 261.6 b 76.3 b 20.9 a
机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting 286.7 a 263.9 b 80.4 a 20.9 a
平均值 Mean value 256.4 A 276.3 A 75.5 A 20.3 A

图2

黄华占和甬优1538在不同种植方式下的分蘖动态"

图3

黄华占和甬优1538在不同种植方式下的地上部生物量 MT: 分蘖中期; PI: 幼穗分化始期; HD: 抽穗期; PM: 成熟期。每张副图中, 不同小写字母代表不同种植方式在同一生育时期的多重比较(LSD测验5%水平)。"

图4

黄华占和甬优1538在不同种植方式下的花后干物质积累量 不同小写字母代表不同种植方式在5%差异显著水平上的多重比较(LSD测验)。"

图5

黄华占和甬优1538在不同种植方式下的SPAD值变化特征 TS: 分蘖中期; PI: 幼穗分化始期; HD: 抽穗期; 10 DAH: 抽穗后10 d。"

图6

黄华占和甬优1538在不同种植方式下的风速和阵风速度"

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