水稻机械精量有序抛秧栽培的产量形成和生长发育特征研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02032

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水稻机械精量有序抛秧栽培是指通过有序抛秧机进行水稻分行分蔸有序抛栽的机械化种植方式, 解决了传统抛秧栽培田间种植无序和作业效率低等问题。本研究以手插秧和手抛秧模式作为对照, 通过2018—2019年的比较试验系统探究了精量有序机抛秧模式下水稻产量形成的特点及生长发育特性。研究结果表明, 精量有序机抛秧较手插秧增产22.4%~28.3%, 较手抛秧增产2.8%~8.9%。生长发育特性方面, 精量有序机抛秧群体通风性好, 生育后期的干物质同化积累能力强, 花后干物质积累量较手插秧和手抛秧分别增加52.8%和23.4%; 叶片衰老较慢、库充实度高, 与手插秧相比, 其单位面积有效穗数显著增加20.9%~64.2%; 与手抛秧相比, 结实率增加3~5个百分点, 进而促进其高产。然而, 精量有序机抛栽培模式下抛秧机及配套育秧技术等方面还有待改进以进一步发挥高产潜能, 同时围绕精量有序机抛秧技术的立苗缓青特征、分蘖发生特性和根系生长特点等方面的研究还有待深入开展。

关键词: 水稻, 有序机抛秧, 产量, 生长发育特性

Abstract:

Orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting refers to the rice establishment methods that throw-transplanted the rice seedlings to the field in rows and lines by seedling broadcasting machine. Which are suggested to prominently increase the uniformity and efficiency of rice crops compared with manual seedling broadcasting. The present study was carried out to compare the differences between orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting, manual transplanting and manual seedling broadcasting regarding yield formation and growth characteristics of rice. The results suggested that the grain yield of rice under orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting was increased compared with manual transplanting and manual seedling broadcasting by 22.4%-28.3% and 2.8%-8.9%, respectively. On the aspect of growth traits, the orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting was characterized as good ventilation, better assimilation ability of dry matter at late growth stages, delayed leaf senescence and high grain filling percentage, which increased the panicle numbers per square meter by 20.9%-64.2% compared with that of manual transplanting and increased the seed setting rate as compared with manual seedling-broadcasting. However, in order to further develop the potential of high yield, the techniques and planting machines of orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting still need to be improved. In addition, the process of seedling recovery, tiller development and root growth traits of rice under orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting should be explored in future studies.

Key words: rice, orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting, yield, growth characteristics

王慰亲, 唐启源, 陈元伟, 贾巍, 罗友谊, 王小卉, 郑华斌, 熊娇军. 水稻机械精量有序抛秧栽培的产量形成和生长发育特征研究[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(5): 942-951.

WANG Wei-Qin, TANG Qi-Yuan, CHEN Yuan-Wei, JIA Wei, LUO You-Yi, WANG Xiao-Hui, ZHENG Hua-Bin, XIONG Jiao-Jun. Evaluation of orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting on yield formation and growth characteristics of rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2021, 47(5): 942-951.

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链接本文: https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02032

https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/Y2021/V47/I5/942

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品种 Variety	种植方式 Planting pattern	株高 Plant height (cm)	地上部生物量 Above-ground biomass (g m^-2)	叶面积指数 Leaf area index
黄华占	手插秧 Manual transplanting	104.2	863.5	4.13
Huanghuazhan	手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting	109.7	1325.7	7.23
	机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting	105.1	1172.8	6.88
甬优1538	手插秧 Manual transplanting	104.6	1042.4	4.32
Yongyou 1538	手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting	105.4	1602.6	7.84
	机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting	103.6	1248.1	7.26

年份 Year	品种 Variety	种植方式 Establishment methods	播种-移栽 Seeding- Transplanting (d)	移栽-齐穗 Transplanting- Heading (d)	齐穗-成熟 Heading- Maturity (d)	全生育期 Growth durations (d)
2018	黄华占	手插秧 Manual transplanting	20	65	38	123
	Huanghuazhan	手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting	20	65	36	121
		机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting	20	65	36	121
	甬优1538	手插秧 Manual transplanting	20	74	50	144
	Yongyou 1538	手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting	20	73	49	142
		机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting	20	73	49	142
2019	黄华占	手插秧 Manual transplanting	21	65	33	119
	Huanghuazhan	手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting	21	64	33	118
		机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting	21	67	33	121
	甬优1538	手插秧 Manual transplanting	21	67	50	138
	Yongyou 1538	手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting	21	68	51	140
		机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting	21	69	52	142

年份 Year	品种 Variety	种植方式 Establishment methods	单位面积有效穗数 Panicle numbers per m²	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2018	黄华占	手插秧 Manual transplanting	254.7 b	164.0 a	88.3 a	19.4 a
	Huanghuazhan	手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting	340.0 a	156.6 a	85.6 a	19.7 a
		机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting	308.0 a	158.7 a	88.5 a	19.4 a
		平均值 Mean value	300.9 A	159.8 A	87.5 A	19.5 A
	甬优1538	手插秧 Manual transplanting	190.7 b	320.6 a	70.5 b	20.0 a
	Yongyou 1538	手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting	310.7 a	312.7 a	76.3 ab	20.7 a
		机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting	313.3 a	307.7 a	79.7 a	20.3 a
		平均值 Mean value	271.6 A	313.7 A	77.6 A	20.9 A
2019	黄华占	手插秧 Manual transplanting	282.7 b	170.0 a	78.4 b	18.1 a
	Huanghuazhan	手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting	372.0 a	146.8 b	79.3 ab	18.9 a
		机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting	377.3 a	151.7 ab	83.4 a	19.1 a
		平均值 Mean value	344.0 A	156.2 A	80.4 B	18.7 A
	甬优1538	手插秧 Manual transplanting	193.3 b	303.4 a	76.2 b	21.1 a
	Yongyou 1538	手抛秧 Manual seedling-broadcasting	289.3 a	261.6 b	76.3 b	20.9 a
		机抛秧 Mechanical seedling-broadcasting	286.7 a	263.9 b	80.4 a	20.9 a
		平均值 Mean value	256.4 A	276.3 A	75.5 A	20.3 A