覆盖作物及其作用的研究进展

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.03058

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在农作物种植系统中, 田间杂草、土壤因素对作物的生长发育、产量和品质的影响一直都是农业领域关注的热点。大量使用化肥和除草剂可以达到作物增产、除草的目的, 但其对土壤和环境造成的负面影响, 严重制约了农业生产的可持续发展。种植覆盖作物是一种实现农业可持续发展的新策略, 可以达到控制杂草、减少氮肥施用、改善土壤质量等目的。本文主要从覆盖作物的起源与发展过程、主要种类和作用及其种植制度等方面, 总结了目前覆盖作物的研究进展及其在作物种植中的应用, 以期为覆盖作物在我国农业生产中的研究与应用提供理论基础。

关键词: 覆盖作物, 杂草控制, 土壤质量, 氮肥管理

Abstract:

In crop planting system, the influences of field weeds and soil properties on crop growth and development, yield, and quality have always been paid close attention to agriculture field. Overdose applications of chemical fertilizers and herbicides are beneficial for crop yield and well control of weeds, however, their negative impacts on soil and environment seriously restrict the sustainable development of agricultural production. Planting cover crops have been considered as a novel strategy to achieve sustainable agricultural development, which can help to control weeds, reduce nitrogen application, and improve soil quality. We summarize the current research advance progress of cover crops and their application in crop cultivation, including the origin and development process, main types, functions, and cropping systems of cover crops, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the research and application of cover crops in agriculture production in China.

Key words: cover crops, weed control, soil quality, nitrogen management

蹇述莲, 李书鑫, 刘胜群, 李向楠. 覆盖作物及其作用的研究进展[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(1): 1-14.

JIAN Shu-Lian, LI Shu-Xin, LIU Sheng-Qun, LI Xiang-Nan. Research advances of cover crops and their important roles[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(1): 1-14.

图/表 5

表1

国外部分国家不同地区覆盖作物的种类"

位置 Location	地区 Region	年份 Year	主栽作物 Main crop	覆盖作物 Cover crop	参考文献 Reference
美国东北部 Northeast US	马里兰州 Maryland	2001-2002	大豆 Soybean	黑麦, 饲料萝卜 Rye, fodder radish 油菜, 油料萝卜 Canola, oilseed radish	[73]
美国东北部 Northeast US	特拉华州 Delaware	1989-1991	玉米 Maize	黑麦 Rye	[74]
美国中北部 North-central US	爱荷华州 Iowa	1994-1998	大豆 Soybean	燕麦, 黑麦 Oat, rye	[75]
	爱荷华州 Iowa	1994-1997	大豆 Soybean	燕麦, 黑麦 Oat, rye	[76]
	密歇根州 Michigan	1994-1996	冬小麦-玉米 Winter wheat-maize	埃及三叶草 Berseem clover 中红三叶草 Medium red clover 一年生苜蓿 Annual medic species	[77]
	明尼苏达州 Minnesota	2008-2009	番茄 Tomato 甜椒 Bell pepper 西葫芦 Zucchini	冬黑麦 Winter rye 毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch	[20]
位置 Location	地区 Region	年份 Year	主栽作物 Main crop	覆盖作物 Cover crop	参考文献 Reference
美国中部 Central US	科罗拉多州 Colorado	2006-2008	马铃薯 Potato	一年生黑麦草 Annual ryegrass 大麦, 向日葵 Barley, sunflower 高粱-苏丹草 Sorghum-Sudan grass 芥菜, 油菜, 豌豆 Mustard, canola, pea	[78]
美国东南部 Southeast US	乔治亚州 Georgia	1994-1997	番茄 Tomato	毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch	[79]
加拿大东南部 Southeast Canada	魁北克省 Quebec	1993-1994	玉米 Maize	绛车轴草 Crimson clover 埃及三叶草 Berseem clover 波斯三叶草 Persian clover 草莓三叶草 Strawberry clover 地三叶草 Subterranean clover 黄花草木犀 Yellow sweet clover 天蓝苜蓿, 苜蓿 Black medic, alfalfa 冬黑麦, 毛叶苕子 Fall rye, hairy vetch 红三叶草+黑麦草 Red clover + ryegrass 白三叶草+黑麦草 White clover + ryegrass	[28]
加拿大中南部 South-central Canada	曼尼托巴省 Manitoba	1997-1999	冬小麦 Winter wheat 秋黑麦 Fall rye	黑扁豆 Black lentil 山黧豆 Chickling vetch 苜蓿, 红三叶草 Alfalfa, red clover	[80]
荷兰中部 Central Netherlands	海尔德兰省赫宁根市 Gelderland Wageningen	2003-2004	黑小麦 Triticale	白羽扇豆 White lupin 饲料萝卜 Fodder radish 冬季油菜 Winter oilseed rape 意大利黑麦草 Italian ryegrass 冬黑麦, 苜蓿 Winter rye, alfalfa	[81]
法国东南部 Southeast France	法国东南部有机农场 Organic farms in southeastern France	2008-2010	冬小麦 Winter wheat 春小麦 Spring wheat 玉米 Maize	苜蓿 Alfalfa 天蓝苜蓿 Black medic 红三叶草 Red clover 白三叶草White clover	[82]
日本中部 Central Japan	茨城县 Ibaraki University	2000-2001	旱稻 Upland rice	黑麦 Rye 红三叶草 Red clover	[3]
日本中部 Central Japan	茨城县 Ibaraki University	2003-2005	旱稻 Upland rice	黑麦 Rye 毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch	[83]

表1

表2

中国不同地区种植覆盖作物的种类"

位置 Location	地区 Region	年份 Year	主栽作物 Main crop	覆盖作物 Cover crop	参考文献 Reference
华中 Central China	湖北荆州 Jingzhou, Hubei	2013-2014	水稻 Rice	油菜, 小麦 Oilseed rape, wheat	[84]
	湖北十堰 Shiyan, Hubei	2016-2018	猕猴桃 Kiwi fruit	波斯菊, 百日草 Coreopsis, zinnia 黑麦草, 早熟禾 Ryegrass, bluegrass 紫羊茅, 白三叶 Red fescue, white clover 红三叶, 毛叶苕子 Red clover, hairy vetch	[21]
	湖北十堰 Shiyan, Hubei	2016-2018	猕猴桃 Kiwi fruit	黑麦草, 白三叶 Ryegrass, white clover	[22]
位置 Location	地区 Region	年份 Year	主栽作物 Main crop	覆盖作物 Cover crop	参考文献 Reference
华中 Central China	湖北十堰 Shiyan, Hubei	2018	茶 Tea	波斯菊, 百日草 Coreopsis, zinnia 黑麦草, 早熟禾 Ryegrass, bluegrass 紫羊茅, 白三叶 Red fescue, white clover 红三叶, 毛叶苕子 Red clover, hairy vetch	[85]
	湖南华容 Huarong, Hunan	2014-2017	双季稻 Double-crop rice	油菜, 马铃薯 Oilseed rape, potato 黑麦草, 紫云英 Ryegrass, milk vetch	[53]
	湖南长沙 Changsha, Hunan	2004-2015	双季稻 Double-crop rice	油菜, 马铃薯 Oilseed rape, potato 黑麦草, 紫云英 Ryegrass, milk vetch	[86]
	湖南长沙 Changsha, Hunan	2004-2007	双季稻 Double-crop rice	油菜, 马铃薯 Oilseed rape, potato 黑麦草, 紫云英 Ryegrass, milk vetch	[87]
	湖南益阳 Yiyang, Hunan	2010-2012	双季稻 Double-crop rice	油菜 Oilseed rape 黑麦草, 紫云英 Ryegrass, milk vetch	[88]
华东 Eastern China	安徽怀远 Huaiyuan, Anhui	2017-2018	冬小麦/夏玉米 Winter wheat/ summer maize	苜蓿, 油菜 Alfalfa, oilseed rape 萝卜, 毛叶苕子 Radish, hairy vetch	[89]
华东 Eastern China	安徽淮南 Huainan, Anhui	2015	蓝莓 Blueberry	白三叶 White clover	[90]
华北 North China	天津南开 Nankai, Tianjin	2009-2010	冬闲田 Winter fallow field	二月兰 Orychophragmus violaceus 草木犀, 苜蓿 Sweet clover, alfalfa 毛叶苕子, 黑麦草 Hairy vetch, ryegrass	[91]
华北 North China	山西太原 Taiyuan, Shanxi	2016	玉米 Maize	大豆 Soybean	[92]
东北 Northeast China	辽宁沈阳 Shenyang, Liaoning	2011-2015	大豆/玉米 Soybean/maize	黑麦 Rye	[93]
东北 Northeast China	辽宁朝阳 Chaoyang, Liaoning	2012-2015	大豆/玉米 Soybean/maize	黑麦, 燕麦 Rye, oat 谷子, 卷心菜 Millet, cabbage 野豌豆, 毛叶苕子 Vetch, hairy vetch 饲用高粱, 萝卜 Fodder sorghum, radish	[94]
西北 Northwest China	陕西榆林 Yulin, Shaanxi	2014-2015	马铃薯 Potato	苜蓿, 草木犀 Alfalfa, sweet clover 冬小麦, 黑麦草 Winter wheat, ryegrass	[95]

表2

图1

表3

中国不同地区种植覆盖作物的种植情况"

地区 Region	覆盖作物 Cover crop	种植制度 Cropping system	种植效果 Planting effect	参考文献 Reference
湖北荆州 Jingzhou, Hubei	小麦 Wheat 油菜 Oilseed rape	与水稻轮作 Crop rotation with rice	促进冬闲期稻田CH₄和CO₂的排放。油菜>小麦。 Promoted CH₄ and CO₂ emission during winter slack season. Oilseed rape > wheat.	[84]
湖北十堰 Shiyan, Hubei	百日草 Zinnia 黑麦草 Ryegrass 早熟禾 Bluegrass 波斯菊 Coreopsis 紫羊茅 Red fescue 红三叶 Red clover 白三叶 White clover 毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch	与猕猴桃间作 Intercropping with kiwi fruit	提高了土壤微生物群落对碳源利用程度、功能多样性指数和丰富度指数。 Improved the carbon source utilization, functional diversity index, and richness index in soil microbial community.	[21]
湖北十堰 Shiyan, Hubei	黑麦草 Ryegrass 白三叶 White clover	与猕猴桃间作 Intercropping with kiwi fruit	改变了土壤环境因子, 并影响土壤微生物群落结构组成。 Changed the soil environmental factors and affected the composition in soil microbial community.	[22]
湖北十堰 Shiyan, Hubei	百日草 Zinnia 黑麦草 Ryegrass 早熟禾 Bluegrass 波斯菊 Coreopsis 紫羊茅 Red fescue 红三叶 Red clover 白三叶 White clover 毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch	与茶树间作 Intercropping with tea	显著增加茶园节肢动物群落的多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数。 Cover crops significantly increased the diversity, richness, and evenness indices of arthropod community in the tea orchard.	[85]
湖南华容 Huarong, Hunan	马铃薯 Potato 黑麦草 Ryegrass 油菜 Oilseed rape 紫云英 Milk vetch	与双季稻轮作 Crop rotation with double- crop rice	秸秆还田提高双季稻田根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力、物种丰富度和均匀度。马铃薯>油菜>紫云英>黑麦草。 Straw mulching improved the utilization of carbon sources, species richness and evenness of soil microorganisms. Potato > oilseed rape > milk vetch > ryegrass.	[53]
湖南长沙 Changsha, Hunan	马铃薯 Potato 黑麦草 Ryegrass 油菜 Oilseed rape 紫云英 Milk vetch	与双季稻轮作 Crop rotation with double- crop rice	秸秆还田增加了稻田总有机碳和活性有机碳含量。马铃薯>紫云英>黑麦草>油菜。 Straw mulching increased the content of soil total organic carbon and active organic carbon in rice field. Potato > milk vetch > ryegrass > oilseed rape.	[86]
湖南长沙 Changsha, Hunan	马铃薯 Potato 黑麦草 Ryegrass 油菜 Oilseed rape 紫云英 Milk vetch	与双季稻轮作 Crop rotation with double- crop rice	提高土壤微生物量氮含量: 黑麦草>紫云英>马铃薯>油菜。 Cover crops increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen content: Ryegrass > milk vetch > potato > oilseed rape. 提高土壤有机质和有效养分含量。 Cover crops increased the content of soil organic matter and available nutrients.	[87]
湖南益阳 Yiyang, Hunan	油菜 Oilseed rape 黑麦草 Ryegrass 紫云英 Milk vetch	与双季稻轮作 Crop rotation with double- crop rice	秸秆还田提高了稻田土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量: 紫云英>黑麦草>油菜。 Straw mulching improved the total organic carbon and active organic carbon content of the paddy soil: Milk vetch > ryegrass > oilseed rape. 秸秆还田提高了土壤碳库活度、碳库活度指数、碳库指数和碳库管理指数: 紫云英>黑麦草>油菜。 Straw mulching improved soil carbon pool activity, index of carbon pool activity, carbon pool and carbon pool management: Milk vetch > ryegrass > oilseed rape.	[88]
地区 Region	覆盖作物 Cover crop	种植制度 Cropping system	种植效果 Planting effect	参考文献 Reference
安徽怀远 Huaiyuan, Anhui	苜蓿 Alfalfa 萝卜 Radish 油菜 Oilseed rape 毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch	与玉米轮作 Crop rotation with maize	在压实土壤中的穿透能力: 萝卜+毛叶苕子>苜蓿、油菜。 The penetrability in compacted soil: Radish + hairy vetch > alfalfa, oilseed rape.	[89]
安徽淮南 Huainan, Anhui	白三叶 White clover	与蓝莓间作 Intercropping with blueberry	有效控制蓝莓行间杂草。 Effectively controlled weeds between blueberry rows.	[90]
天津南开 Nankai, Tianjin	苜蓿 Alfalfa 黑麦草 Ryegrass 草木犀 Sweet clover 毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch 二月兰 Orychophragmus violaceus	冬闲期 Winter slack season	提高了氮素蓄积: 苜蓿>草木樨>毛叶苕子>二月兰>黑麦草。 Cover crops increased nitrogen accumulation: Alfalfa > sweet clover > hairy vetch > Orychophragmus violaceus > ryegrass. 黑麦草可明显降低土壤容重。 Ryegrass can significantly reduce soil bulk density. 毛叶苕子和苜蓿均可显著降低土壤pH。 Both hairy vetch and alfalfa can significantly reduce the pH of the soil. 二月兰和黑麦草可显著提高土壤水分含量。 Orychophragmus violaceus and ryegrass can significantly increase soil moisture content.	[91]
山西太原 Taiyuan, Shanxi	大豆 Soybean	与玉米间作 Intercropping with maize	提高了玉米的养分利用率。 Soybean improved the nutrient efficiency in maize. 提高了土壤含水量、玉米产量。 Soybean increased soil moisture content and maize yield. 改善田间小气候。 Soybean improved field microclimate.	[92]
辽宁沈阳 Shenyang, Liaoning	黑麦 Rye	与作物轮作 Crop rotation with crop	黑麦可提升土壤水稳性团聚体。 Rye can improve soil water stability aggregates.	[93]
辽宁朝阳 Chaoyang, Liaoning	燕麦 Oat 黑麦 Rye 谷子 Millet 野豌豆 Vetch 萝卜 Radish 卷心菜 Cabbage 毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch 饲用高粱 Fodder sorghum	与大豆/玉米间作 Intercropping with soybean or maize	有改变土壤化学特性的潜力, 可增加土壤表层的有机质含量。 Had the potential to change the chemical characteristics of soil and increased the content of organic matter in soil surface layer.	[94]
陕西榆林 Yulin, Shaanxi	苜蓿 Alfalfa 草木犀 Sweet clover 冬小麦 Winter wheat 黑麦草 Ryegrass	与马铃薯轮作 Crop rotation with potato	土壤TOC、DOC、DON、TN含量: 苜蓿>草木犀> 冬小麦、黑麦草。 Soil TOC, DOC, DON, and TN content: Alfalfa > sweet clover > ryegrass, winter wheat. 土壤C/N: 苜蓿<草木犀、冬小麦、黑麦草。 Soil C/N: Alfalfa < sweet clover, ryegrass, winter wheat. 土壤磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性: 苜蓿>草木犀、冬小麦、黑麦草。 The activities of soil phosphatase, sucrase, urease, and catalase: Alfalfa > sweet clover, ryegrass, winter wheat.	[95]

表3

图2

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