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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 2625-2637.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13057

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同年代玉米品种籽粒产量形成对种植密度的响应

王利青1(), 于晓芳1,2,*(), 高聚林1,2,*(), 马达灵1,2, 胡树平2,3, 郭怀怀1, 刘爱业4   

  1. 1内蒙古农业大学农学院, 内蒙古呼和浩特 010019
    2内蒙古自治区作物栽培与遗传改良重点实验室, 内蒙古呼和浩特 010019
    3内蒙古农业大学职业技术学院, 内蒙古萨拉齐 014109
    4巴彦淖尔市乌拉特前旗农牧和科技局, 内蒙古乌拉山 014400
  • 收稿日期:2021-09-18 接受日期:2022-02-25 出版日期:2022-10-12 网络出版日期:2022-03-25
  • 通讯作者: 于晓芳,高聚林
  • 作者简介:第一作者联系方式: E-mail: 18447053543@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    内蒙古自治区“科技兴蒙”行动重点专项(KJXM2020001-06);国家自然科学基金项目(31560360);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300804);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(玉米, CARS-02-50);农业农村部华北黄土高原地区作物栽培科学观测实验站项目(25204120)

Response of grain yield formation to planting density of maize varieties in different eras

WANG Li-Qing1(), YU Xiao-Fang1,2,*(), GAO Ju-Lin1,2,*(), MA Da-Ling1,2, HU Shu-Ping2,3, GUO Huai-Huai1, LIU Ai-Ye4   

  1. 1Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, Inner Mongolia, China
    2Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Genetic Improvement in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010019, Inner Mongolia, China
    3Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Salaqi 014109, Inner Mongolia, China
    4Bureau of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Science and Technology of Urad Front Banner, Wulashan 014400, Inner Mongolia, China
  • Received:2021-09-18 Accepted:2022-02-25 Published:2022-10-12 Published online:2022-03-25
  • Contact: YU Xiao-Fang,GAO Ju-Lin
  • Supported by:
    Key Program of Action Plan to Revitalize Inner Mongolia through Science and Technology(KJXM2020001-06);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31560360);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300804);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (Meize, CARS-02-50);Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop cultivation in North China Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(25204120)

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摘要：

为了明确不同年代玉米品种的光合和灌浆特性对增加种植密度的响应差异, 为玉米合理增密增产提供理论依据。本研究以我国1970s—2010s五个在生产中大面积种植的玉米品种为材料, 设置了4.5万株 hm-2和10.5万株 hm-2两个种植密度, 进行3年大田试验。对不同种植密度下, 各年代玉米品种的产量及其构成因素、叶片光合性能和籽粒灌浆特性等指标进行对比分析。结果表明, 在低种植密度下, 2010s品种(登海618, Denghai 618, DH618)吐丝后穗位叶SPAD值、吐丝-吐丝后50 d穗位叶Pn和籽粒平均灌浆速率均较1970s—2000s品种显著提高了2.18~12.05、0.57~4.88 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1和0.02~0.09 g kernel-1 d-1, 活跃灌浆期显著延长了2.62~4.74 d, 从而使其粒重和产量显著增加(P<0.05)。增密后, 1970s和1980s品种产量降低, 1990s品种产量变化不显著, 而2000s和2010s品种产量显著增加, 且2010s品种产量增加幅度最大, 达到2.11 t hm-2。进一步对光合性能、灌浆特性与百粒重和产量等指标的相关分析表明, 高种植密度下2010s品种的百粒重对活跃灌浆期依赖程度增大(r=0.70), 其在吐丝期、乳熟期和成熟期均较1970s—2000s品种保持相对高的SPAD (提高了6.42%~41.92%), 延缓了叶片衰老, 使花后玉米叶片仍维持较高的光合势(leaf area duration, LAD)和吐丝后30~50 d的Pn (提高了1.09%~88.95%), 从而积累了较多的光合产物, 促使活跃灌浆期延长8.73%~15.80%, 平均灌浆速率增加了3.39%~24.33%, 进而维持了相对稳定的百粒重。

关键词: 玉米, 不同年代品种, 种植密度, 灌浆特性, 冠层结构

Abstract:

To clarify the difference of photosynthetic and grain-filling characteristics of maize varieties in different ages in response to increasing planting density, and to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable density and production of maize, in this study, five maize varieties planted in large areas during production from 1970s to 2010s in China were used as materials, two planting densities of 45,000 plants hm-2 and 105,000 plants hm-2 were set for three-year field experiment. The yield and its components, leaf photosynthetic performance, and grain filling characteristics of maize varieties in different years were compared and analyzed under different planting densities. The results showed that under low planting density, compared with varieties of 1970s-2000s, the SPAD value of ear-leaf after anthesis, Pn of ear-leaf at 50 d after anthesis, and the average grain filling rate of 2010s varieties (DH618) were significantly increased by 2.18-12.05, 0.57-4.88 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1, and 0.02-0.09 g kernel-1 d-1. The active grain-filling period was significantly prolonged by 2.62-4.74 d, which significantly increasing grain weight and yield at P<0.05. After densification, the yield of varieties in 1970s and 1980s decreased, the yield of varieties in the 1990s did not change significantly, but the yield of varieties in 2000s and 2010s increased significantly and the largest increased in 2010s was 2.11 t hm-2. Further correlation analysis to the indicators of photosynthetic performance, filling characteristics, 100-grain weight, and yield, the results showed that 100-grain weight of 2010s varieties under high planting density was more dependent during active grain filling period (r = 0.70). Compared with 1970s to 2000s, the 2010s varieties kept relatively high SPAD at silking stage, milking stage, and maturity stage (increased by 6.42%-41.92%), delayed leaf senescence and maintained high LAD in maize leaves after anthesis and Pn in 30-50 d after anthesis (increased by 1.09%-88.95%). Therefore, more photosynthates were accumulated, which prolonged the active grain filling period by 8.73% to 15.80% and the average filling rate increased by 3.39% to 24.33%, and then maintained a relatively stable 100-grain weight.

Key words: maize, varieties of different eras, planting density, grain filling characteristics, canopy configuration

表1

试验区土壤基础生产力"

年份
Year		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline N (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Alkaline K
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Alkaline P
(mg kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 pH
2018 1.48 78.18 155.19 17.06 19.63 7.95
2019 1.31 79.31 144.00 18.45 17.74 8.50
2020 1.54 74.89 136.28 21.32 17.83 8.36

图1

试验区生育期内主要气象因子"

表2

玉米叶面积指数(LAI)的方差分析"

变异来源
Sources of variations		 大喇叭口期
12-leave stage		 吐丝期
Silking stage		 乳熟期
Milking stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
年份Year 82.68** 23.63** 168.48** 547.47**
密度Density (D) 8036.83** 8320.00** 25,462.73** 2425.42**
品种Variety (V) 91.80** 61.31** 36.47** 683.29**
密度×品种D×V 9.25** 11.31** 24.20** 114.77**
误差均方Error MS 0.004 0.008 0.002 0.001

图2

种植密度对不同年代玉米品种LAI的影响 LAI: 叶面积指数。V12: 大喇叭口期; R1: 吐丝期; R3: 乳熟期; R6: 成熟期。D1: 4.5万株 hm-2; D2: 10.5万株 hm-2。ZD2: 中单2号; DY13: 丹玉13; YD13: 掖单13; XY335: 先玉335; DH618: 登海618。"

表3

玉米光合势(LAD)的方差分析"

变异来源
Sources of variation		 花前
Post anthesis stage		 花后
After anthesis stage
年份Years 174.50** 1315.52**
密度Density (D) 1077.98** 1077.98**
品种Varieties (V) 157.61** 157.61**
密度×品种D×V 14.04** 14.04**
误差均方Error MS 0.198 0.198

图3

种植密度对不同年代玉米品种光合势(LAD)的影响 缩写同图2。"

表4

玉米穗位叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)的方差分析"

变异来源
Sources of
variation		 吐丝期
Silking
stage		 乳熟期
Milking stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
年份Year 6.41** 162.59** 164.41**
密度Density (D) 255.37** 545.08** 1604.17**
品种Variety (V) 32.25** 87.81** 328.07**
密度×品种D×V 2.31 5.87** 2.01
误差均方Error MS 0.918 1.182 0.0503

图4

种植密度对不同年代玉米品种穗位叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)的影响 缩写同图2。"

表5

玉米穗位叶Pn的方差分析"

变异来源
Sources of variation		 吐丝期
Silking stage		 吐丝后10 d
10 days after anthesis		 吐丝后30 d
30 days after anthesis		 吐丝后50 d
50 days after anthesis		 吐丝后65 d
65 days after anthesis
年份Year 2022.76** 275.50** 120.20** 136.93** 5.34*
密度Density (D) 1191.46** 1519.13** 3210.76** 8031.43** 35,150.95**
品种Variety (V) 31.15** 78.22** 160.17** 511.91** 335.89**
密度×品种D×V 10.12** 16.53** 3.52* 12.83** 93.47**
误差均方Error MS 0.198 0.208 0.114 0.050 0.014

图5

种植密度对不同年代玉米品种穗位叶Pn值的影响 缩写同图2。"

表6

种植密度对不同年代玉米品种籽粒灌浆特性的影响"

密度
Density		 品种
Variety		 2018 2019 2020
Gmean
(g kernel-1 d-1)		 D
(d)		 Gmean
(g kernel-1 d-1)		 D
(d)		 Gmean
(g kernel-1 d-1)		 D
(d)
D1 中单2号ZD2 0.68 50.92 0.56 60.24 0.60 50.84
丹玉13 DY13 0.68 50.63 0.57 61.16 0.59 51.94
掖单13 YD13 0.64 50.47 0.56 59.86 0.57 49.98
先玉335 XY335 0.72 52.98 0.60 62.31 0.67 53.09
登海618 DH618 0.73 55.29 0.64 63.82 0.68 57.12
D2 中单2号ZD2 0.55 49.06 0.51 50.60 0.55 45.58
丹玉13 DY13 0.58 47.69 0.51 52.44 0.52 49.79
掖单13 YD13 0.55 49.33 0.48 59.10 0.54 49.22
先玉335 XY335 0.61 54.26 0.50 63.61 0.56 56.78
登海618 DH618 0.65 57.80 0.54 64.78 0.62 58.00

表7

玉米产量及其构成因素方差分析"

变异来源
Sources of variation		 产量
Yield		 有效穗数
Harvested number		 穗粒数
Number of grains per panicle		 百粒重
100-grain weight
年份Year 7.83** 36.39** 1.01 237.49**
密度Density (D) 0.22 8680.29** 1643.75** 1840.78**
品种Variety (V) 312.81** 44.51** 73.62** 513.04**
密度×品种D×V 43.53** 26.09** 20.55** 21.68**
误差均方Error MS 0.057 0.019 91.696 0.164

图6

种植密度对不同年代玉米品种产量及其构成因素的影响 缩写同图2。"

图7

百粒重、产量与籽粒灌浆灌浆特性的相关性分析 Gmean: 平均灌浆速率; D: 活跃灌浆持续时间; 其余缩写同图2。"

表8

灌浆特性与冠层指标的相关分析"

指标
Index		 生育阶段
Growth stage		 灌浆特性参数Grouting characteristic parameters
平均灌浆速率Gmean 活跃灌浆持续时间D
叶面积指数
Leaf area index		 大喇叭口期 12 leaves stage -0.748** -0.245
吐丝期Silking stage -0.780** -0.264
乳熟期Milking stage -0.705** -0.138
成熟期Maturity stage -0.346 0.125
叶绿素相对含量
Soil and plant analyzer development		 吐丝期Silking stage 0.732** 0.544*
乳熟期Milking stage 0.793** 0.540*
成熟期Maturity stage 0.754** 0.605**
光合势
Leaf area duration		 花前Post anthesis stage 0.029 0.117
花后After anthesis stage 0.566** 0.250
净光合速率Pn 吐丝期Silking stage 0.764** -0.330
花后10 d 10 days after anthesis 0.824** 0.136
花后30 d 30 days after anthesis 0.665** 0.537*
花后50 d 50 days after anthesis 0.707** 0.487*
花后65 d 65 days after anthesis 0.730** 0.330
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