作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4): 1065-1078.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23032
吴希1(), 王家瑞1, 郝淼艺1, 张宏军2, 张仁和1,*()
WU Xi1(), WANG Jia-Rui1, HAO Miao-Yi1, ZHANG Hong-Jun2, ZHANG Ren-He1,*()
摘要:
探究不同生育期玉米光温利用、物质生产和产量形成对密度的响应, 以期为陕北灌区春玉米密植高产高效栽培提供理论依据。试验于2019—2020年以东单60 (中晚熟)和大丰30 (中早熟)为试验材料, 设置45,000 (D1)、60,000 (D2)、75,000 (D3)和90,000 (D4)株 hm-2 4个种植密度, 测定了叶面积指数、冠层光分布、物质生产与转运、光温利用和产量及其构成等指标。结果表明, 大丰30和东单60分别在90,000株 hm-2和75,000株 hm-2密度下达到最高产量18,787.5 kg hm-2和16,953.0 kg hm-2, 较低密度分别提高了37.7%和41.4%, 且高产下大丰30籽粒含水率较东单60低11.5%。随着种植密度的增加, 群体叶面积指数明显提高, 上部冠层光能截获率显著增大, 而中部冠层光能截获率显著下降且东单60降低幅度高于大丰30, 下部冠层光能截获率无显著差异。对于光能辐射利用而言, 大丰30花前截获的光合有效辐射和光能利用率较东单60分别高7.9%、高1.7%; 大丰30花后截获的光合有效辐射和光能利用率较东单60分别低9.5%、高14.9%, 根据光能利用效率和种植密度的相关关系表明增密对提高大丰30的光能辐射利用率更显著。在D4密度下, 中早熟品种大丰30较晚熟品种东单60生育期平均缩短了4.3 d, 大丰30的平均有效积温较东单60少25.3℃, 而积温利用率提高了25.3%, 达到最大干物质积累速率所需积温较东单60少; 东单60和大丰30的花前干物质累积量及花后转运率较D1分别提高了26.7%、34.6%和43.7%、55.8%, 且大丰30的花后干物质累积量和花后干物质转运率较东单60分别高14.5%和12.3%。可见, 中早熟品种大丰30密植下重塑群体结构, 改善中部冠层光能截获, 增加干物质增长速率和提前干物质达到最大增大速率时期, 促进干物质的累积与转运, 提高了光温资源利用效率, 实现该区春玉米高产高效; 同时收获时籽粒较低的含水率, 适宜籽粒机收。
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