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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (12): 2459-2470.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04252

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of row space and plant density on characteristics of grain filling, starch and NPK accumulation of sorghum grain of different parts of panicle

DONG Er-Wei1,2(), WANG Jin-Song1,2, WU Ai-Lian1,2, WANG Yuan1,2, WANG Li-Ge1,2, HAN Xiong1,2, GUO Jun1,2, JIAO Xiao-Yan1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Resources & Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
    2Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2020-11-23 Accepted:2021-03-19 Online:2021-12-12 Published:2021-09-29
  • Contact: JIAO Xiao-Yan E-mail:erwei_dong@163.com;xiaoyan_jiao@126.com
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province(201803D221003-1);China Agriculture Research System(CARS-06-13.5A20)

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Abstract:

Row space and plant density not only affect plant phenotype and field ecological environment but also regulate grain yield and the characteristics of grain-filling. The experiments were conducted for two years from 2018 to 2019 to investigate the effects of row space and plant density on grain yield and its composition using ‘Liaoxialiang 1’ as materials, which was bred by Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences. In 2019, the effects of row space and plant density on grain filling characteristics, starch and NPK accumulation per grain of different (upper, middle, and lower) parts of panicles were explored. There were 12 treatments, including three row spaces such as 30, 50, and 60 cm and four plant densities of 135, 165, 195, and 225 thousand-plant hm-2 with each row space. The highest grain yield per hectare and grain yield of three parts of per panicle were produced by the 50 cm row space with 165 thousand-plant hm-2density for 12 treatments. The yield of upper part per panicle was lower than those of other two parts; whereas it had relative high values of weight and starch per grain. Row space 50 cm with density of 165 thousand-plant hm-2 prolonged active grain-filling period of upper part of panicle. It also increased the maximum grain-filling rate and shortened active grain-filling period of lower part of panicle. Both row spaces of 50 cm and 60 cm promoted starch accumulation per grain of three parts of panicle during grain development; whereas 30 cm resulted in a prolonged active grain-filling period of lower part of panicle, which was associated with a reduced grain-filling rate. This might illustrate that relative wide row space accelerate lower part grain maturity and refrain from the effect of early frost on yield, brought about a higher grain-filling rate. Both N and P accumulation per grain increased during grain filling process; Meanwhile K accumulation reached ceiling at 30-40 days after anthesis and declined afterwards, because of K leakage from grain during its maturation. NPK and starch accumulation per grain in upper part of panicle were relatively high than those of other two parts of panicle. It implied the grain of upper panicle had a larger seed size as well. Compared with 30 cm row space, 50 cm and 60 cm row spaces increased NPK accumulation per grain of three parts. High NPK accumulation per grain was produced by the treatment of 50 cm row space with the density of 165 thousand-plant hm-2. In conclusion, wide row space can promote seed size of grain and starch accumulation. The increased grain-filling rate of lower part of panicle (inferior kernels) by wide row space can diminish the risk of natural calamity of early frost.

Key words: sorghum, row space, density, grain-filling rate, active grain-filling period, starch accumulation, NPK accumulation

Fig. 1

Monthly precipitation and average temperature at growing stages in sorghum from 2018 to 2019"

Fig. 2

Effects of row space and planting densities on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and grains per panicle 13.5: 135 thousand plants hm-2; 16.5: 165 thousand plants hm-2; 19.5: 195 thousand plants hm-2; 22.5: 225 thousand plants hm-2. Values marked with different lowercase letters are significantly different among treatments at P < 0.05."

Fig. 3

Effects of row space and planting densities on grain weight of different portions per panicle 30-13.5: row space 30 cm, density 135 thousand plants hm-2; 30-16.5: row space 30 cm, density 165 thousand plants hm-2; 30-19.5: row space 30 cm, density 195 thousand plants hm-2; 30-22.5: row space 30 cm, density 225 thousand plants hm-2; 50-13.5: row space 50 cm, density 135 thousand plants hm-2; 50-16.5: row space 50 cm, density 165 thousand plants hm-2; 50-19.5: row space 50 cm, density 195 thousand plants hm-2; 50-22.5: row space 50 cm, density 225 thousand plants hm-2; 60-13.5: row space 60 cm, density 135 thousand plants hm-2; 60-16.5: row space 60 cm, density 165 thousand plants hm-2; 60-19.5: row space 60 cm, density 195 thousand plants hm-2; 60-22.5: row space 60 cm, density 225 thousand plants hm-2. a: upper part of panicle; b: middle part of panicle; c: lower part of panicle."

Fig. 4

Effects of row space and planting densities on grain weight of different portions of panicle at grain-filling stage Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. a: upper part of panicle; b: middle part of panicle; c: lower part of panicle."

Fig. 5

Effects of row space and planting densities on grain filling rate of different portion of panicle at grain-filling stage Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. a: upper part of panicle; b: middle part of panicle; c: lower part of panicle."

Table 1

Active grain-filling period and average grain-filling rate of different parts of sorghum grain"

行距
Row space
(cm)		 密度
Planting density
(×104 hm-2)		 上部籽粒
Upper part of panicle		 中部籽粒
Middle part of panicle		 下部籽粒
Lower part of panicle
T
(d)		 G
(mg grain-1 d-1)		 T
(d)		 G
(mg grain-1 d-1)		 T
(d)		 G
(mg grain-1 d-1)
30 13.5 19.71 b 0.61 c 40.69 cde 0.58 de 43.25 ab 0.51 e
16.5 18.87 b 0.77 b 38.41 e 0.58 de 44.64 a 0.46 f
19.5 18.86 b 0.78 b 40.07 de 0.61 cd 43.82 ab 0.47 f
22.5 19.82 b 0.72 d 40.55 cde 0.57 e 41.64 bc 0.45 f
50 13.5 22.19 a 0.73 d 43.15 bc 0.63 c 39.26 d 0.64 cd
16.5 22.84 a 0.78 b 38.66 de 0.72 a 40.65 cd 0.64 cd
19.5 18.90 b 0.79 b 38.76 de 0.68 b 38.03 de 0.63 d
22.5 14.88 c 0.85 a 35.46 f 0.71 ab 33.85 f 0.72 a
60 13.5 19.67 b 0.79 b 45.60 ab 0.59 de 33.82 f 0.72 a
16.5 18.85 b 0.77 b 42.98 c 0.63 c 34.12 f 0.70 a
19.5 18.68 b 0.81 ab 46.46 a 0.55 e 35.85 ef 0.67 bc
22.5 19.16 b 0.77 b 41.10 cd 0.64 c 39.40 d 0.61 d
F值
F-value		 行距Row space ns ** ** ** ** **
密度Density ** ** ** ** ns *
行距×密度
Row space×Density		 ** ** ** ** ** **

Fig. 6

Effects of row space and planting densities on starch accumulation per grain at grain-filling stage Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. a: upper part of panicle; b: middle part of panicle; c: lower part of panicle."

Fig. 7

Effects of row space and planting densities on starch accumulation rate per grain at grain-filling stage Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. a: upper part of panicle; b: middle part of panicle; c: lower part of panicle."

Fig. 8

Effects of row space and planting densities on starch content of grain at grain-filling stage Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. a: upper part of panicle; b: middle part of panicle; c: lower part of panicle."

Fig. 9

Effects of row space and planting densities on N accumulation per grain at grain-filling stage Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. a: upper part of panicle; b: middle part of panicle; c: lower part of panicle."

Fig. 10

Effects of row space and planting densities on P accumulation per grain at grain-filling stage Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. a: upper part of panicle; b: middle part of panicle; c: lower part of panicle."

Fig. 11

Effects of row space and planting densities on K accumulation per grain at grain-filling stage Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. a: upper part of panicle; b: middle part of panicle; c: lower part of panicle."

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