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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (11): 1713-1724.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01713

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Alleviation Effects of Exogenous Growth Regulators on Seed Germination of Sweet Sorghum under Salt Stress and Its Physiological Basis

Guang-Long ZHU1,Cheng-Yu SONG2,Lin-Lin YU2,Xu-Bing CHEN2,Wen-Fang ZHI2,Jia-Wei LIU2,Xiu-Rong JIAO1,Gui-Sheng ZHOU1,2,*()   

  1. 1 Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
    2 Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology in Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2017-11-21 Accepted:2018-08-20 Online:2018-11-12 Published:2018-09-04
  • Contact: Gui-Sheng ZHOU E-mail:gszhou@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2016345);the Agricultural Independent Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(cx[16]1005-5);the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(17KJB210008)

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Abstract:

Salinity is a major abiotic constraint affecting crop seed germination and growth. It is vital to exploit and utilize salinity soil by exploring the technologies for promoting seed germination under salt stress. In this experiment, two contrasting sorghum genotypes (Guotian 2011 and Guotian 106) were used to study the salt stress (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mmol L -1 NaCl solution) effect on seed germination, and different concentrations of exogenous growth substances of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), gibberellin (GA3), kinetin (KT), and salicylic acid (SA) were used to regulate seed germination on salt-sensitive sorghum genotype Guotian 106. The seed germination was significantly inhibited under salt stress. Water uptake rate, germination potential, germination rate, germination index all decreased under salt stress, but relative salt damage rate and MDA (malondialdehyde) prominently increased in salinity condition. Exogenous growth regulators could effectively relieve the salt stress. With applied the exogenous growth substances, the seed uptake rate, germination rate, contact of soluble sugar and soluble protein, activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase), POD (peroxidase), and CAT (catalase) were all significantly increased, the absorption of K +, Ca 2+, and Mg 2+ enhanced in the same time, but the contents of Na + and MDA decreased. Overall, GA3 and GABA performed a better alleviating effect on salt stress, KT showed positive effect on promoting Mg 2+ absorption. These results suggested that the exogenous growth substances (especially GA3 and GABA) can be applicated in sorghum production under salt condition, laying a foundation for improving and utilizing saline soil.

Key words: sweet sorghum, salt stress, exogenous growth regulators, seed germination, physiological characteristics

Fig. 1

Effect of different salt concentrations on water uptake rate of sweet sorghum seeds GT2011: Guotian 2011; GT106: Guotian 106."

Table 1

Seed germination energy, germination rate and germination index of sweet sorghum under salt stress"

盐分浓度
Salt concentration
(mmol L-1)		 国甜2011 Guotian 2011 国甜106 Guotian 106
发芽势Germination energy (%) 发芽率
Germination rate (%)		 发芽指数
Germination index		 发芽势
Germination energy (%)		 发芽率
Germination rate (%)		 发芽指数
Germination index
0 80 a 88 a 53 a 78 a 85 a 51 bc
50 79 a 84 a 53 ab 74 b 80 b 49 c
100 48 b 60 b 35 d 39 c 45 c 29 e
150 25 c 32 c 19 f 17 d 21 d 16 g
200 15 d 21 d 11 g 9 e 13 e 6 h
平均值Mean 49 57 34 43 49 30

Table 2

Relative salt damage rate of sweet sorghum seeds under different salt concentration stresses"

品种
Genotype		 盐分浓度
Salt concentration (mmol L-1)		 相对盐害率 Relative salt stress rate (%)
12 h 24 h 36 h 48 h 60 h 72 h
国甜2011 50 26 d 5 d 2 d 0 d 4 d 2 d
Guotian 2011 100 59 c 35 c 34 c 28 c 36 c 40 c
150 78 b 60 b 65 b 69 b 68 b 69 b
200 81 a 78 a 84 a 83 a 83 a 82 a
国甜106 50 28 d 10 d 8 d 3 d 5 d 6 d
Guotian 106 100 61 c 67 c 48 c 46 c 48 c 51 c
150 89 b 82 b 80 b 78 b 77 b 79 b
200 94 a 89 a 87 a 89 a 89 a 89 a

Table 3

Content of MDA in sweet sorghum seeds under salt stress"

盐分处理
Salt treatment
(mmol L-1)		 MDA含量 MDA content (μmol g-1 FW)
国甜2011
Guotian 2011		 国甜106
Guotian 106
0 2.3 e 3.9 e
50 3.6 d 5.4 d
100 4.0 c 6.2 c
150 5.3 b 8.3 b
200 5.7 a 8.6 a
平均值Mean 4.2 6.5

Table 4

Variance analysis of different types of exogenous growth regulator to water uptake rate of sweet sorghum under salt stress"

变异来源
Source of variation		 F值 F-value
0-4 h 4-8 h 8-16 h 16-24 h 24-36 h 36-48 h
盐分浓度 Salt concentration (SC) ns ns 3.68* 6.07** 23.30** 19.315**
生长调节物质 Exogenous growth regulators (EGR) 107.71** 121.47** 105.49** 180.52** 2544.96** 1361.21**
生长调节物质×盐分浓度 SC×EGR ns ns ns ns 3.52** ns

Table 5

Effect of exogenous growth regulators on water uptake rate of sweet sorghum under salt concentration stresses"

盐分浓度
Salt stress
(mmol L-1 )		 生长调节物质
Exogenous growth regulator		 吸水率Water uptake rate (%)
0-4 h 4-8 h 8-16 h 16-24 h 24-36 h 36-48 h
0 0 12.64 b 21.91 b 28.70 c 52.08 b 67.7 c 78.20 b
KT 12.80 b 25.60 ab 29.44 bc 54.87 b 71.2 ab 83.75 a
GA3 13.84 a 28.79 ab 41.05 a 66.26 a 74.1 a 84.89 a
SA 12.85 b 27.43 ab 37.50 ab 56.09 b 72.0 b 84.21 a
GABA 13.44 ab 27.98 a 39.11 a 58.14 ab 73.4 ab 84.73 a
平均值Mean 13.03 26.34 35.16 57.49 71.7 83.16
50 0 13.33 a 23.50 a 30.83 b 52.95 b 71.5 b 81.83 b
KT 13.67 a 26.78 a 30.79 b 55.04 b 72.5 ab 84.58 a
GA3 13.85 a 29.25 a 42.06 a 67.60 a 75.3 a 86.03 a
SA 13.73 a 28.90 a 37.57 a 56.37 b 72.8 ab 85.51 a
GABA 13.79 a 28.97 a 40.77 a 58.97 b 73.8 ab 85.74 a
平均值Mean 13.68 27.48 36.41 58.19 73.2 84.74
100 0 8.41 a 14.35 b 17.11 a 28.64 a 41.9 a 43.73 c
KT 10.34 a 16.54 a 17.60 a 30.21 a 42.6 a 44.70 bc
GA3 11.46 a 17.16 a 18.30 a 32.98 a 44.4 a 48.60 a
SA 10.61 a 16.62 a 17.67 a 30.24 a 43.0 a 46.43 abc
GABA 11.41 a 17.06 a 17.97 a 32.68 a 43.6 a 47.03 ab
平均值Mean 10.45 16.34 17.73 30.95 43.1 46.10
150 0 4.08 a 6.87 b 9.48 a 22.61 c 25.2 d 27.15 a
KT 5.13 a 6.99 b 9.77 a 23.59 c 32.3 c 35.10 a
GA3 5.85 a 8.83 a 10.21 a 28.89 a 35.6 a 38.19 a
SA 5.49 a 7.15 b 9.78 a 27.20 b 33.8 b 36.52 a
GABA 5.62 a 8.24 ab 9.92 a 27.87 ab 34.8 ab 37.45 a
平均值Mean 5.23 7.62 9.83 26.03 32.3 34.88

Table 6

Variance analysis of effect of different types of exogenous growth regulator on germination rate of sweet sorghum"

变异来源
Source of variation		 F值 F-value
12 h 24 h 36 h 48 h 60 h 72 h
盐分浓度 Salt concentration (SC) 72.45** 20.61** 35.79** 55.47** 78.56** 30.29**
生长调节物质 Exogenous growth regulators (EGR) 303.91** 1586.50** 3397.20** 6028.48** 7744.33** 6326.75**
生长调节物质×盐分浓度 SC×EGR 7.37** ns ns ns ns 2.57*

Fig. 2

Effect of exogenous growth regulators on germination rate of sweet sorghum under salt stressKT: kinetin; GA3: gibberellin; SA: salicylic acid; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid."

Table 7

Variance analysis of effect of different types of exogenous growth regulator on osmotic adjustment substance of sweet sorghum under salt stress"

变异来源
Source of variation		 F值 F-value
MDA 含量
MDA content
(μmol g-1 FW)		 可溶性蛋白含量
Content of soluble protein
(mg g-1 FW)		 可溶性糖含量
Content of soluble sugar
(mg g-1 FW)
盐分浓度 Salt concentration (SC) 2.33** 92.30** 110.61**
生长调节物质 Exogenous growth regulators (EGR) ns 310.16** 128.91**
生长调节物质×盐分浓度 SC×EGR ns 13.29** 2.56*

Table 8

Effect of different types of exogenous growth regulator on osmotic adjustment substance of sweet sorghum under salt stress"

盐分浓度
Salt concentration
(mmol L-1 )		 生长调节物质
Exogenous growth regulator		 渗透调节物质含量 Content of osmotic adjustment substance
MDA
(μmol g-1 FW)		 可溶性蛋白
Soluble protein (mg g-1 FW)		 可溶性糖
Soluble sugar (mg g-1 FW)
0 0 29.0 a 3.53 d 12.72 c
KT 26.2 b 6.60 c 12.74 c
GA3 21.1 c 7.23 c 17.09 b
SA 12.4 d 8.75 b 25.26 a
GABA 7.6 e 14.09 a 25.42 a
平均值Mean 19.3 8.04 18.65
50 0 32.6 a 4.21 c 14.66 e
KT 30.7 b 6.97 b 16.79 d
GA3 29.2 b 7.78 b 20.80 c
SA 14.8 c 14.57 a 28.60 b
GABA 11.4 d 14.43 a 30.21 a
平均值Mean 23.7 9.59 22.21
100 0 32.3 a 4.63 d 19.21 e
KT 15.5 b 8.55 c 21.10 d
GA3 13.6 b 8.61 c 25.61 c
SA 32.7 a 21.38 a 40.51 a
GABA 31.5 a 15.23 b 35.40 b
Mean 25.1 11.68 28.37
150 0 35.3 a 8.44 b 23.78 d
KT 17.7 b 23.69 a 42.95 b
GA3 33.4 a 8.55 b 48.27 a
SA 32.6 a 9.30 b 27.33 c
GABA 17.2 b 21.66 a 28.52 c
平均值Mean 27.2 14.33 34.17

Table 9

Effect of different types of exogenous growth regulator on antioxidant enzyme activities of sweet sorghum under salt stress"

盐分浓度
Salt concentration
(mmol L-1)		 生长调节物质
Exogenous growth regulator		 酶活性 Enzyme activity (U g-1 FW)
SOD POD CAT
0 0 31.35 e 257.98 d 251.04 c
KT 40.94 d 287.47 c 267.88 b
GA3 51.35 c 361.24 b 271.99 b
SA 62.02 b 534.74 a 437.42 a
GABA 72.60 a 540.22 a 439.85 a
平均值Mean 51.65 396.33 333.64
50 0 41.56 c 343.57 e 323.38 c
KT 49.98 c 372.75 d 323.83 c
GA3 63.51 b 455.42 c 335.06 b
SA 77.53 a 586.33 a 464.59 a
GABA 81.56 a 549.64 b 471.70 a
平均值Mean 62.83 461.54 383.71
100 0 15.38 e 185.61 e 199.89 e
KT 27.55 d 211.66 b 213.30 d
GA3 43.78 b 318.92 c 245.10 c
SA 62.20 a 450.79 a 298.31 b
GABA 31.13 c 395.49 b 361.51 a
平均值Mean 36.01 312.49 263.62
150 0 10.80 c 120.92 e 153.75 e
KT 50.22 a 223.88 c 193.73 c
GA3 20.64 b 271.57 b 178.00 d
SA 24.15 b 298.78 a 231.31 a
GABA 28.99 b 185.78 d 212.83 b
平均值Mean 26.96 220.19 193.92

Table 10

Effect of different types of exogenous growth regulator on ions content of sweet sorghum under salt stress"

盐分浓度
Salt concentration
(mmol L-1)		 生长调节物质
Exogenous growth regulator		 离子含量 Ions content (mg g-1)
Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+
0 0 2.85 a 1.96 c 0.15 d 0.50 c
KT 2.57 b 1.99 c 0.18 b 0.62 a
GA3 2.56 b 2.03 b 0.18 b 0.53 b
SA 2.22 c 2.08 b 0.16 c 0.53 b
GABA 2.09 d 2.13 a 0.20 a 0.54 b
平均值Mean 2.55 2.04 0.17 0.54
50 0 3.70 a 1.88 c 0.12 c 0.47 d
KT 3.47 b 1.96 b 0.14 b 0.55 a
GA3 3.36 c 1.99 ab 0.14 b 0.49 c
SA 3.24 d 2.04 a 0.14 b 0.51 bc
GABA 3.12 e 2.03 a 0.16 a 0.52 b
平均值Mean 3.38 1.98 0.14 0.51
100 0 4.75 a 1.87 c 0.11 c 0.46 d
KT 4.61 b 1.97 ab 0.12 b 0.52 a
GA3 4.50 c 2.00 a 0.13 a 0.48 b
SA 4.34 d 1.93 b 0.12 b 0.47 c
GABA 4.23 e 1.96 ab 0.12 b 0.47 c
平均值Mean 4.49 1.95 0.12 0.48
150 0 5.83 a 1.80 d 0.09 d 0.43 c
KT 5.47 c 1.85 c 0.10 c 0.47 a
GA3 5.21 d 1.95 a 0.12 a 0.45 b
SA 5.65 b 1.89 b 0.10 c 0.45 b
GABA 5.17 d 1.93 ab 0.11 b 0.46 ab
平均值Mean 5.47 1.88 0.10 0.45
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