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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (9): 1349-1364.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.82061

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Identification of rice stress-related gene co-expression modules by WGCNA

LI Xu-Kai1,LI Ren-Jian2,ZHANG Bao-Jun2,*()   

  1. 1 College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
    2 College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2018-12-10 Accepted:2019-04-15 Online:2019-09-12 Published:2019-04-18
  • Contact: Bao-Jun ZHANG E-mail:zhangbj992@163.com
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Excellent Talents Come to Shanxi to Reward Scientific Research Projects(SXYBKY201738);the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Shanxi Agricultural University(2017YJ27);the Education Innovation Project for Graduate Students in Shanxi Province(2018BY066)

Abstract:

Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) is a systematic biological method describing gene association patterns among different samples. It can be used to identify synergistically altered gene sets. In this study, 47 transcriptome data of rice tissues specimens were used to explore the regulation relationship between genes under harsh environmental conditions (cold, drought, and salt) try WGCNA method. By filtering the low expressed genes, the co-expression matrix was finally constructed using the screened 30,339 expressed genes. Subsequently, 15 modules were obtained. The reports of cloned key genes under those three stresses existed in each module, so the GO enrichment analysis was performed on the predicted target genes. The differentially expressed genes were analyzed by transcriptome data under harsh conditions, and combined with the reported stress-related genes, two stress-related modules were selected to construct the gene regulatory network. In consideration of a large number of genes related to the mentioned harsh situations in the green module, the GO functional enrichment analysis was carried out for the three kinds of stress genes under the green module, and the gene regulatory network was constructed for the common genes. In summary, 2599 harsh environmental situations-related genes were mined. Meanwhile, 25 key genes related to stress resistance were predicted. Our results on stress resistance and comprehensive stress resistance open a new window for future studies.

Key words: rice, drought stress, cold stress, salt stress, Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network (WGCNA)

Fig. 1

Gene cluster dendrograms and module detecting A: a hierarchical clustering tree of samples; B: the dynamic tree cut represents the module divided according to the expression of each gene; C: the merged dynamic is the result of merging similar modules according to the dynamic tree cut."

Fig. 2

Distribution of opented genes The English words in the figure indicate the color of the module, and the numbers mean the relevant genes number and total number of modules. A: the proportion of cold stress related genes in each module reported; B: the proportion of drought stress related genes in each module reported; C: the proportion of salt stress related genes in each module reported."

Table 1

GO enrichments of network modules (part) "

胁迫
Stress
模块
Module
基因数目
Number of genes
GO 显著富集的项目
Significantly enriched term
P
P-value
干旱
Drought
Lightgreen 33 GO:0009062 脂肪酸分解过程
Fatty acid catabolic process
0
330 GO:1901700 对含氧化合物的响应
Response to oxygen-containing compound
0
65 GO:0000302 活性氧的响应
Response to reactive oxygen species
1.11E-16
132 GO:0009737 脱落酸响应
Response to abscisic acid
1.38E-10
160 GO:0006970 渗透胁迫响应
Response to osmotic stress
6.47E-13
103 GO:0009415 对水的响应
Response to water
5.72E-09
Green 23 GO:0043069 程序性细胞死亡的负调控
Negative regulation of programmed cell death
8.84E-09
203 GO:0006979 氧化应激反应
Response to oxidative stress
4.41E-12
胁迫
Stress
模块
Module
基因数目
Number of genes
GO 显著富集的项目
Significantly enriched term
P
P-value

Cold
Green 25 GO:0010857 钙依赖性蛋白激酶活性
Calcium-dependent protein kinase activity
1.12E-08
31 GO:0044106 细胞酰胺代谢过程
Cellular amine metabolic process
2.16E-07
20 GO:0060548 细胞死亡负调控
Negative regulation of cell death
2.21E-07
14 GO:0003714 转录辅阻遏活性
Transcription corepressor activity
2.64E-07
16 GO:2000022 茉莉酸介导的信号转导通路的调控
Regulation of jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway
3.58E-06
Darkmagenta 70 GO:0008299 异戊二烯生物合成过程
Isoprenoid biosynthetic process
0
167 GO:0009266 温度刺激响应
Response to temperature stimulus
0
167 GO:0006091 前体代谢物和能量的产生
Generation of precursor metabolites and energy
0
32 GO:0016116 类胡萝卜素代谢过程
Carotenoid metabolic process
2.22E-16

Salt
Green 261 GO:0009651 盐胁迫响应
Response to salt stress
3.81E-11
586 GO:0009719 内源性刺激响应
Response to endogenous stimulus
1.94E-08
547 GO:0009725 激素应答
Response to hormone
2.68E-07
Lightgreen 244 GO:1901575 有机物分解代谢过程
Organic substance catabolic process
0
10 GO:0046487 乙醛酸代谢过程
Glyoxylate metabolic process
1.04E-08

Fig. 3

Coexpression network related to cold, drought, and salt stress The size of dots in the graph indicates the weight of the input gene in the network. Red represents the core gene belonging to the co-expression network. The purple diamond indicates the annotated transcription factor, and the pink diamond indicates the core gene that is both annotated to the transcription factor and belongs to the network. A: Module darkmagenta coexpression network of genes related to cold stress; B: Module lightgreen is a co-expression network of genes related to drought stress; C: Gene co-expression network related to salt stress in module lightgreen."

Table 2

Functional annotation of modular hub genes"

模块分类
Module name
基因名称
Gene name
水稻中基因注释
Annotation in rice
拟南芥同源基因注释
Homologous gene
in A. thaliana
功能注释
Gene function
Darkmagnenta LOC_Os03g08570 胺氧化酶
Amine oxidase
AT4G14210 一种在类胡萝卜素生物合成过程中催化八氢番茄红素致zeta-胡萝卜素去饱和的酶
An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation of phytoene to zeta-carotene during carotenoid biosynthesis
LOC_Os01g01420 表达蛋白
Expressed protein
AT3G54360 编码一个过氧化氢酶活性相关的过氧化氢酶伴侣, 可响应多重胁迫
Encodes a catalase chaperon that is essential for catalase activity. Required for multiple stress responses.
LOC_Os04g39970 含有结构域的液泡分选蛋白9
Vacuolar sorting protein 9 domain-containing protein
模块分类
Module name
基因名称
Gene name
水稻中基因注释
Annotation in rice
拟南芥同源基因注释
Homologous gene
in A. thaliana
功能注释
Gene function
LOC_Os05g34040 单加氧酶
Monooxygenase
AT4G30720 编编码在叶绿体基质中检测到的推定的氧化还原酶/电子载体
Encodes a putative oxidoreductase/electron carrier detected in the chloroplast stroma
LOC_Os02g40860 酪蛋白激酶1
CK1_CaseinKinase_1
LOC_Os09g21250 表达蛋白
Expressed protein
AT5G23040 编码一种蛋白质, 使原卟啉抗体能够与pPORA的转运序列结合, 调节pPORA向质体基质的易位, 并阻止易位多肽链运回细胞质
Encodes a protein that enables protochlorophillide's binding to pPORA’s transit sequence, regulating Ppora’s translocation into the plastid stroma, and blocking movement of the translocating polypeptide chain back into the cytosol.
LOC_Os09g02270 环化酶家族蛋白
Cyclase family protein
AT4G35220 环化酶家族蛋白
Cyclase family protein
LOC_Os01g54540 核糖体蛋白L13
Ribosomal protein L13
AT1G78630 核糖体蛋白L13家族蛋白
Ribosomal protein L13 family protein
Lightgreen LOC_Os10g28600 PPR重复结构域含有蛋白质
PPR repeat domain containing protein
AT4G31850 编码含有27个五肽-重复序列(PPR)基序的蛋白质。
Encodes a protein containing 27 pentatrico-peptide repeat (PPR) motifs.
LOC_Os01g07120 含有AP2结构域的蛋白质
AP2 domain containing protein
AT2G40340 编码ERF/AP2转录因子家族的DREB亚家族A-2的成员。DREB2A和DREB2B参与对干旱的反应。
Encodes a member of the DREB subfamily A-2 of ERF/AP2 transcription factor family. DREB2A and DREB2B that are involved in response to drought.
LOC_Os08g43210 含有AP2结构域的蛋白质
AP2 domain containing protein
LOC_Os08g43334 含有HSF型DNA结合域的蛋白质
HSF-type DNA-binding domain containing protein
AT4G11660 热应激转录因子(HSF)家族成员
Member of Heat Stress Transcription Factor (Hsf) family
LOC_Os03g41390 ZOS3-15-C2H2锌指蛋白
ZOS3-15-C2H2 zinc finger protein
AT1G27730 与高等植物中的Cys2/HIS2型锌指蛋白有关。结果表明, ZAT10产生的耐盐性部分依赖于EnA1/PMR2。
Related to Cys2/His2-type zinc-finger proteins found in higher plants. responses. Salt tolerance produced by ZAT10 appeared to be partially dependent on ENA1/PMR2
LOC_Os12g39400 ZOS2-02-C2H2锌指蛋白
ZOS12-09-C2H2 zinc finger protein
LOC_Os05g34830 无顶端分生组织蛋白
No apical meristem protein
模块分类
Module name
基因名称
Gene name
水稻中基因注释
Annotation in rice
拟南芥同源基因注释
Homologous gene
in A. thaliana
功能注释
Gene function
LOC_Os01g42860 抑制剂I家族蛋白
Inhibitor I family protein
LOC_Os02g09830 BZIP转录因子结构域蛋白
bZIP transcription factor domain containing protein
LOC_Os08g38880 WD40重复家族蛋白
WD-40 repeat family protein
LOC_Os07g47100 质子逆向转运蛋白-2家族
Proton antiporter-2 family
AT3G05030 编码液泡K+/H+交换器, 该交换器对液泡膜上活跃的K+摄取必不可少, 并参与调节气孔关闭。
Encodes a vacuolar K+/H+ exchanger essential for active K+ uptake at the tonoplast and involved in regulating stomatal closure.

Fig. 4

Modular network gene in co-expression network In the green module of Wean map the predicted co-expressed gene with the reported genes under cold, drought and salt stresses. A: yellow indicates a gene co-expressed with a cold stress gene, blue indicates a gene co-expressed with a drought stress gene, and green indicates a gene co-expressed with a salt stress gene. B: the total number of reported genes. C: the total number of related genes reported which shows the sum of the three kinds of reported stress genes, the total number of pairs of intersections, and the sum of genes that are not uniquely intersected."

Fig. 5

GO functional enrichment of three kinds of stress-specific co-expressed genes in the green module The results of GO enrichment of unique co-expressed genes under different stresses. The horizontal axis represents the enrichment score and the vertical axis represents the enriched GO pathway. A: the results of GO functional enrichment of the unique co-expressed genes under cold stress; B: the GO functional enrichment result of the unique co-expressed genes under drought stress; C: the GO enrichment result of the unique co-expressed genes under salt stress."

Table 3

Annotation of functions of various stress regulating genes"

候选基因
Candidate gene
转录因子
Transcription factor
冷胁迫
Cold
干旱
Drought

Salt
LOC_Os11g05160 AT-hook蛋白
AT-hook content nuclear
localized protein
AT-hook蛋白
AT-hook content nuclear localized protein
AT-hook蛋白
AT-hook content nuclear localized protein
LOC_Os03g17700 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
LOC_Os01g66120 NAC NAC转录因子
NAC domain transcription factor
NAC转录因子
NAC domain transcription factor
NAC转录因子
NAC domain transcription factor
LOC_Os03g12820 SRO蛋白基因
Similar to RCD1 gene
SRO蛋白基因
Similar to RCD1 gene
候选基因
Candidate gene
转录因子
Transcription factor
冷胁迫
Cold
干旱
Drought

Salt
LOC_Os03g60560 C2H2 TFIIIA型锌指蛋白基因
TFIIIA-type zinc finger protein gene
TFIIIA型锌指蛋白基因
TFIIIA-type zinc finger
protein gene
LOC_Os02g33820 ABA-胁迫-成熟诱导基因
ABA, stress, ripening gene
ABA-胁迫-成熟诱导基因
ABA, stress, ripening gene
LOC_Os07g39870 TFIIIA型锌指蛋白基因
TFIIIA-type zinc finger protein gene
TFIIIA型锌指蛋白基因
TFIIIA-type zinc finger protein
gene
LOC_Os06g36670 ABA受体
Pyrabactin resistance-like
abscisic acid receptor
ABA受体
Pyrabactin resistance-like
abscisic acid receptor
LOC_Os06g43660 液泡膜质子转运无机焦磷酸酶
H+-pyrophosphatase in
tonoplasts
液泡膜质子转运无机焦磷酸酶
H+-pyrophosphatase in tonoplasts
LOC_Os07g03710 病程相关蛋白
Pathogenesis-related protein 1a
病程相关蛋白
Pathogenesis-related protein 1a
LOC_Os02g03410 钙依赖性蛋白激酶
Calcium-dependent protein Kinase
钙依赖性蛋白激酶
Calcium-dependent protein kinase
LOC_Os03g53200 钙调素
Calmodulin
钙调素
Calmodulin
LOC_Os08g39450 A20/AN1型锌指蛋白
A20/AN1 zinc-finger protein
A20/AN1型锌指蛋白
A20/AN1 zinc-finger protein
LOC_Os01g74410 MYB MYB转录因子
MYB family transcription factor
MYB转录因子
MYB family transcription factor
LOC_Os02g52780 bZIP bZIP转录因子
bZIP transcription factor
bZIP转录因子
bZIP transcription factor
LOC_Os03g60080 NAC 胁迫响应的NAC转录因子
基因
Stress-responsive NAC 1
胁迫响应的NAC转录因子
基因
Stress-responsive NAC 1
LOC_Os02g52780 bZIP bZIP转录因子
bZIP transcription factor
bZIP转录因子
bZIP transcription factor
LOC_Os11g08210 NAC NAC转录因子
NAC domain transcription
factor
NAC转录因子
NAC domain transcription factor
LOC_Os04g50060 GRAS GRAS转录因子
GRAS transcription factor gene
GRAS转录因子
GRAS transcription factor gene
LOC_Os01g74410 MYB MYB转录因子
MYB family transcription factor
MYB转录因子
MYB family transcription factor
LOC_Os03g53200 钙调蛋白
Calmodulin
钙调蛋白
Calmodulin
LOC_Os02g50970 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶Mitogen-activated protein kinase
候选基因
Candidate gene
转录因子
Transcription factor
冷胁迫
Cold
干旱
Drought

Salt
LOC_Os07g03710 病程相关蛋白
Pathogenesis-related protein 1a
病程相关蛋白
Pathogenesis-related protein 1a
LOC_Os01g32660 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶
Mitogen activated protein kinase
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶
Mitogen activated protein kinase
LOC_Os01g73770 ERF AP2/EREBP转录因子基因
AP2/EREBP transcription factor gene
AP2/EREBP转录因子基因
AP2/EREBP transcription factor gene

Table 4

GO enrichments of network modules (part)"

分类
Class
GO分类
GO term
显著富集的term
Significantly enriched term
P
P-value
分子功能
Molecular function
GO:0005198 结构分子活性 Structural molecule activity 0
GO:0003735 核糖体的结构组成 Structural constituent of ribosome 0
GO:0016491 氧化还原酶活性 Oxidoreductase activity 5.69E-13
GO:0004601 过氧化物酶活性 Peroxidase activity 1.07E-11
GO:0016684 氧化还原酶活性对过氧化物作为受体的作用
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor
3.13E-11
GO:0016209 抗氧化活性 Antioxidant activity 4.28E-11
GO:0020037 血红素结合 Heme binding 4.68E-09
细胞组分
Cellular component
GO:0022625 胞浆大核糖体亚基 Cytosolic large ribosomal subunit 0
GO:0071944 细胞外周 Cell periphery 0
GO:0044391 核糖体亚基 Ribosomal subunit 0
GO:0044445 胞质部分 Cytosolic part 0
GO:0015934 大核糖体亚基 Large ribosomal subunit 0
GO:0005840 核糖体 Ribosome 0
生物学过程
Biological process
GO:0043604 酰胺生物合成过程 Amide biosynthetic process 0
GO:0043603 细胞酰胺代谢过程 Cellular amide metabolic process 2.22E-16
GO:0042744 过氧化氢分解代谢过程 Hydrogen peroxide catabolic process 2.34E-10
GO:0055114 氧化还原过程 Oxidation-reduction process 3.03E-09
GO:0072593 过氧化氢代谢过程 Reactive oxygen species metabolic process 1.05E-06
GO:0009698 苯丙烷代谢过程 Phenylpropanoid metabolic process 4.01E-05
GO:0009808 木质素代谢过程 Lignin metabolic process 6.62E-05
GO:0006970 对渗透压的反应 Response to osmotic stress 4.15E-04
GO:0009404 毒素代谢过程 Toxin metabolic process 4.23E-04
GO:0043069 细胞程序性死亡负调节Negative regulation of programmed cell death 5.87E-04
GO:0044248 细胞分解代谢过程 Cellular catabolic process 0.00136054

Fig. 6

Co-expression network of shared genes under three stresses in green module The red color in the figure indicates the genes involved in the three stress responses simultaneously, the blue color indicates the co-expressed gene, and the size of the dot indicates the weight value of the gene. A: the co-expression network under cold stress; B: the co-expression network under drought stress; C: the co-expression network under salt stress."

Table 5

Annotation of candidate gene"

候选基因
Candidate gene
候选基因在水稻中注释
Annotation of candidate genes in rice
候选基因在玉米同源基因
Homology gene in maize
基因功能
Gene function
LOC_Os02g30900 激酶结构域蛋白
Protein kinase domain containing protein
GRMZM2G137468 蛋白激酶APK1A
Protein kinase APK1A
LOC_Os11g28990 TBC结构域蛋白质
TBC domain containing protein
GRMZM2G122935 含有RabGAP/TBC结构域的蛋白质
RabGAP/TBC domain-containing protein
LOC_Os09g32040 无顶端分生组织蛋白
No apical meristem protein
GRMZM2G004531 N-乙酰-L-蛋氨酸/N-乙酰-L-甲硫氨酸
Nam 7
LOC_Os07g35750 DUF26激酶
DUF26 kinases
GRMZM2G075438 受体激酶RK20-1
Receptor kinase RK20-1
LOC_Os05g45210 呼吸爆发氧化酶
Respiratory burst oxidase
GRMZM2G043435 呼吸爆发氧化酶C
Respiratory burst oxidase C
候选基因
Candidate gene
候选基因在水稻中注释
Annotation of candidate genes in rice
候选基因在玉米同源基因
Homology gene in maize
基因功能
Gene function
LOC_Os01g58150 表达蛋白质
Expressed protein
GRMZM2G139460 功能未知的保守基因
Conserved gene of unknown function
LOC_Os03g13300 谷氨酸脱羧酶
Glutamate decarboxylase
GRMZM2G098875 谷氨酸脱羧酶
Glutamate decarboxylase
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