Welcome to Acta Agronomica Sinica，

Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4): 728-737.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04146

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Growth, physiological, and heavy metal accumulation traits at seedling stage under heavy metal stress in castor (Ricinus communis L.)

LYU Dong-Mei1,2(), ZHU Guang-Long1(), WANG Yue1, SHI Yu1, LU Fa-Guang1, REN Zhen1, LIU Yu-Qian1, GU Li-Feng1, LU Hai-Tong1, Irshad Ahmad1, JIAO Xiu-Rong1, MENG Tian-Yao1, ZHOU Gui-Sheng1,*()   

  1. 1Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology in Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
    2Plant Science Department, MacDonald Campus, McGill University, Montreal H9X3V9, Canada
  • Received:2020-07-03 Accepted:2020-10-14 Online:2021-04-12 Published:2020-11-18
  • Contact: ZHOU Gui-Sheng E-mail:lyu@mail.mcgill.ca;zhuguang2007@163.com;gszhou@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0108100);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0800201);Science and Technology Innovation Cultivating Fund of Yangzhou University(2019CXJ198);Innovation and Promotion of Forestry Science and Technology Program of Jiangsu Province(LYKJ[2019]47);Talent Project of ‘LyuYangJinFeng’ of Yangzhou Government(2018)

RichHTML381

9

PDF

796

Abstract:

Agricultural ecology environment and human health are seriously threated by aggravating agricultural non-point source and heavy metals pollution. It is of great significance to explore the cumulative effect of crops on heavy metal pollution and its physiological mechanism. A castor (Ricinus communis L.) variety Zibi 5 was used to study the accumulation effect of heavy metals and associated physiological mechanism under heavy metals treatments (Cu, Zn and Cd at 0, 30, 60, and 120 mg L-1 concentrations). The results showed that seedling growth, physiological traits and heavy metals accumulation significantly affected by heavy metal treatments. Plant height was increased to the maximum with 60 mg L-1 and then decreased. However, root length, fresh weight and dry weight were all decreased under heavy metal treatments. In general, SOD activity was decreased at low treatment concentration but increased at high treatment concentration, the highest activity was showed at 120 mg L-1 under Cu and Zn treatments at 10 DAS (days after sowing), which were 45.5% and 31.8% higher than that under CK, respectively. POD activity was first decreased and then increased on 10 DAS, but significantly increased in both 25 DAS and 45 DAS, as well as prominently increased with prolonged the growth periods. Soluble protein was only significantly increased under 120 mg L-1 Cu treatment, and increased by 18.8%, 66.7%, and 83.3% at each growth stage, respectively. MDA content was significantly increased with the increase of treatment concentration and significantly decreased with prolonged the growth periods, and MDA content was significant higher under Cd treatment than that under Cu and Zn treatments. The accumulation contents of Cu, Zn, and Cd in castor plant were gradually increased with the increase of treatment concentration, and the maximum accumulation was at 120 mg L-1 concentration. Among of them, the accumulation of treatment concentration increased, and the maximum accumulation showed at 120 mg L-1 concentration. Among them, the accumulation of Zn was the highest, followed by Cd. The accumulation content of heavy metals in each organ was shown as root > stem > leaf. This study suggested that castor has a certain tolerance to heavy metals, which was increased the antioxidase activity to alleviate heavy metals stress. The castor has organ specificity in heavy metals accumulation. It is an effective approach to plant castor to repair soil pollution by heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, and Cd.

Key words: castor, heavy metal stress, growth trait, heavy metal accumulation, physiological mechanism

Fig. 1

Variation of plant height of castor seedlings under different heavy metals treatments 10 DAS: 10 days after seeding; 25 DAS: 25 days after seeding. Values followed by different capital and small letters above the bar at same growth periods are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 2

Variation of root length of castor seedlings under different heavy metals treatments 10 DAS: 10 days after seeding; 25 DAS: 25 days after seeding. Values followed by different capital and small letters above the bar at same growth periods are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 1

Variation of fresh and dry weight under different heavy metals treatments in caster seedlings"

处理
Treatment		 浓度
Concentration
(mg L-1)		 10 DAS 25 DAS
鲜重
Fresh weight
(g plant-1)		 干重
Dry weight
(g plant-1)		 鲜重
Fresh weight
(g plant-1)		 干重
Dry weight
(g plant-1)
Cu 0 2.14 a 0.30 a 3.11 c 0.61 c
30 1.87 b 0.21 d 3.33 b 0.71 b
60 1.35 d 0.26 b 3.00 d 0.55 d
120 1.69 c 0.24 c 3.75 a 0.81 a
Zn 0 2.14 a 0.30 a 3.11 b 0.61 a
30 1.61 c 0.26 b 2.79 c 0.42 cd
60 2.03 b 0.29 a 3.28 a 0.55 b
120 1.29 d 0.20 c 3.08 bc 0.47 c
Cd 0 2.14 a 0.30 a 3.11 a 0.61 a
30 1.88 b 0.22 c 1.86 d 0.54 b
60 1.04 d 0.14 d 2.15 c 0.56 b
120 1.72 c 0.26 b 2.45 b 0.57 b

Fig. 3

Accumulation of Cu, Zn, and Cd under different heavy metals treatments in seedlings 10 DAS: 10 days after seeding; 25 DAS: 25 days after seeding. Values followed by different small letters above the bar at same growth periods are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 4

Concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Cd) in roots, stems, and leaves under different heavy metals treatments in castor Values followed by different small letters above the bar at same growth periods are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 5

Variation of SOD activity at different growth periods under different heavy metals concentration in castor Values followed by different small letters above the bar at same growth periods are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. DAS: days after seeding."

Table 2

Variation of POD activity in leaf at different growth stages under different heavy metals treatments in castor seedlings"

处理
Treatment		 浓度
Concentration (mg L-1)		 POD (U g-1 FW)
10 DAS 25 DAS 45 DAS
Cu 0 51.5 b 50.8 c 89.2 d
30 39.7 d 64.1 b 125.5 c
60 49.8 c 74.3 ab 166.0 b
120 57.5 a 79.5 a 275.0 a
Zn 0 46.8 c 49.8 d 156.3 d
30 32.0 d 70.7 c 175.9 c
60 60.9 b 79.8 b 269.2 b
120 75.3 a 92.5 a 419.0 a
Cd 0 47.5 b 53.2 d 135.1 d
30 26.4 d 59.4 c 246.1 c
60 37.8 c 82.0 a 327.4 a
120 66.6 a 80.2 b 260.2 b

Fig. 6

Content of soluble protein in leaf at different growth periods under different heavy metals concentration in castor bean Values followed by different small letters above the bar at same growth periods are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. DAS: days after seeding."

Table 3

Content of MDA in leaf at different growth periods under different heavy metals concentration in castor"

处理
Treatment		 浓度
Concentration (mg L-1)		 MDA (μmol g-1 FW)
10 DAS 25 DAS 45 DAS
Cu 0 38.5 d 26.2 d 21.2 d
30 75.3 c 43.6 c 33.3 c
60 96.4 b 69.7 b 49.5 b
120 109.5 a 88.5 a 66.8 a
Zn 0 25.2 d 20.6 d 15.3 d
30 56.4 c 35.4 c 19.8 c
60 78.6 b 57.3 b 32.7 b
120 98.2 a 76.1 a 46.8 a
Cd 0 27.4 d 22.4 d 18.3 d
30 83.3 c 41.8 c 27.3 c
60 126.4 b 88.6 b 42.7 b
120 174.1 a 117.2 a 73.6 a
[1] 樊霆, 叶文玲, 陈海燕, 鲁洪娟, 张颖慧, 李定心, 唐子阳, 马友华. 农田土壤重金属污染状况及修复技术研究. 生态环境学报, 2013,22:1727-1736.
Fan T, Ye W L, Chen H Y, Lu H J, Zhang Y H, Li D X, Tang Z Y, Ma Y H. Study on heavy metal pollution and rehabilitation techniques in farmland soil. J Ecol Environ, 2013,22:1727-1736 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[2] Smith V H, Schindler D W. Eutrophication science: where do we go from here? Trends Ecol Evol, 2009,24:201-207.
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.009 pmid: 19246117
[3] 马敏, 龚惠红, 邓泓. 重金属对8种园林植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响. 中国农学通报, 2012,28(22):206-211.
Ma M, Gong H H, Deng H. Effects of heavy metals on seed germination and seedling growth of 8 garden plants. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2012,28(22):206-211 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[4] 王利宝, 朱宁华, 鄂建华. Pb、Zn等重金属对樟树、栾树幼苗生长的影响. 中南林业科技大学学报, 2010,30(2):44-47.
Wang L B, Zhu N H, E J H. Effects of Pb, Zn and other heavy metals on the growth of camphor and Luan seedlings. J Central South Univ For Technol, 2010,30(2):44-47 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[5] 邱丽俊, 刘爱忠. 我国优势油脂类生物柴油植物蓖麻的种质资源发掘和生物柴油利用. 生命科学, 2014,26:503-508.
Qiu L J, Liu A Z. Germplasm resources exploitation and biodiesel utilization of Ricinus communis, a dominant oil biodiesel plant in China. Chin Bull Life Sci, 2014,26:503-508 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[6] Scholz V, Silva J N D. Prospects and risks of the use of castor oil as a fuel. Biomass Bioenergy, 2008,32:95-100.
[7] Huang G, Guo G, Yao S, Zhang N, Hu H. Organic acids, amino acids compositions in the root exudates and Cu-accumulation in castor ( Ricinus communis L.) under Cu stress. Int J Phytoremed, 2016,18:33-40.
[8] Niu Z X, Sun L N, Sun T H. Response of root and aerial biomass to phytoextraction of Cd and Pb by sunflower, castor bean, alfalfa and mustard. Adv Environ Biol, 2009,3:255.
[9] Kabir M, Iqbal M Z, Shafiq M, Farooqi Z R. Effects of lead on seedling growth of Thespesia populnea L. Plant Soil Environ, 2010,56:194-199.
[10] 易心钰, 蒋丽娟, 易诗明, 陈景震, 刘强. 铅锌矿渣对蓖麻生长、重金属累积及其对矿质元素吸收的影响. 中南林业科技大学学报, 2017,37(3):116-122.
Yi X Y, Jiang L J, Yi S M, Chen J Z, Liu Q. Effects of lead-zinc slag on growth, accumulation of heavy metals and absorption of mineral elements of castor bean. J Central South Univ For Technol, 2017,37(3):116-122 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[11] 陆晓怡, 何池全. 蓖麻对重金属Cd的耐性与吸收积累研究. 农业环境科学学报, 2005,24:674-677.
Lu X Y, He C Q. Studies on the tolerance, uptake and accumulation of heavy metal Cd by castor bean. J Agric Environ Sci, 2005,24:674-677 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[12] Lu X Y, He C Q. Tolerance, uptake and accumulation of cadmium by Ricinus communis L. J Agro-Environ Sci, 2005,24:674-677.
[13] Begonia G B, Davis C D, Begonia M F T, Gray C N. Growth responses of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea,(L.) Czern.] and its phytoextraction of lead from a contaminated soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 1998,61:38-43.
[14] 邹京南, 于奇, 金喜军, 王明瑶, 秦彬, 任春元, 王孟雪, 张玉先. 外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下大豆鼓粒期生理和产量的影响. 作物学报, 2020,46:745-758.
Zou J N, Yu Q, Jin X J, Wang M Y, Qin B, Ren C Y, Wang M X, Zhang Y X. Effects of exogenous melatonin on physiology and yield of soybean during seed filling stage under drought stress. Acta Agron Sin, 2020,46:745-758 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[15] 朱广龙, 宋成钰, 于林林, 陈许兵, 智文芳, 刘家玮, 焦秀荣, 周桂生. 外源生长调节物质对甜高粱种子萌发过程中盐分胁迫的缓解效应及其生理机制. 作物学报, 2018,44:1713-1724.
Zhu G L, Song C Y, Yu L L, Chen X B, Zhi W F, Liu J W, Jiao X R, Zhou G S. Alleviation effects of exogenous growth regulators on seed germination of sweet sorghum under salt stress and its physiological basis. Acta Agron Sin, 2018,44:1713-1724 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[16] 张海燕, 汪宝卿, 冯向阳, 李广亮, 解备涛, 董顺旭, 段文学, 张立明. 不同时期干旱胁迫对甘薯生长和渗透调节能力的影响. 作物学报, 2020,46:1760-1770.
Zhang H Y, Wang B Q, Feng X Y, Li G L, Xie B T, Dong S X, Duan W X, Zhang L M. Effects of drought treatments at different growth stages on growth and the activity of osmotic adjustment in sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.]. Acta Agron Sin, 2020,46:1760-1770 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[17] 毛雪飞, 杨洁. 锌镉胁迫下 4 种农田杂草生理生化特性及对重金属的累积特征. 西南林业大学学报(自然科学), 2019,39(6):9-18.
Mao X F, Yang J. Physiological and biochemical characteristics of 4 farmland weeds under Zn and Cd stress and accumulation characteristics of heavy metals. J Southwest For Univ (Nat Sci)), 2019,39(6):9-18 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[18] 夏雪姣. 镉、铅胁迫对小麦形态发育和生理代谢的影响及富集特性研究. 西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文, 陕西杨凌, 2018.
Xia X J. Effects of Cadmium, Lead Stress on Morphological Development and Physiological Metabolism and Research on Their Accumulation in Wheat. MS Thesis of Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 2018 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[19] Hossain M A, Piyatida P, Da Silva J A T, Fujita M. Molecular mechanism of heavy metal toxicity and tolerance in plants: central role of glutathione in detoxification of reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal and in heavy metal chelation. J Bot, 2012,2012:872-875.
[20] 宋清梅, 蔡信德, 吴颖欣, 吴嘉慧, 陈显斌, 吴文成. 香根草对污染土壤水溶态重金属组分胁迫响应研究. 农业环境科学学报, 2019,38:2715-2722.
Song Q M, Cai X D, Wu Y X, Wu J H, Chen X B, Wu W C. Response of Vetiveria zizanioides to the stress of water-soluble components of heavy metals in contaminated soil. J Agro-Environ Sci, 2019,38:2715-2722 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[21] 姚俊修, 乔艳辉, 杨庆山, 仲伟国, 李庆华, 董玉峰, 李善文, 吴德军. 重金属镉胁迫对黑杨派无性系光合生理及生长的影响. 西北林学院学报, 2020,35(2):40-46.
Yao J X, Qiao Y H, Yang Q S, Zhong W G, Li Q H, Dong Y F, Li S W, Wu D J. Effects of cadmium stress on the growth and photosynthesis of aigeiros clones. J North For Univ, 2020,35(2):40-46 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[22] 明华, 曹莹, 胡春胜, 张玉铭, 程一松. 铅胁迫对玉米光合特性及产量的影响. 玉米科学, 2008,16(1):74-78.
Ming H, Cao Y, Hu C S, Zhang Y M, Cheng Y S. Effect of lead stress on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of maize. J Maize Sci, 2008,16(1):74-78 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[23] Aibibu N, Liu Y G, Zeng G M, Wang X, Chen B B, Song H X, Xu L. Cadmium accumulation in vetiveria zizanioides and its effects on growth, physiological and biochemical characters. Bioresour Technol, 2010,101 : 6297-6303.
pmid: 20403690
[24] 宋洁, 郭华春, 李俊, 张光海, 思玲超. 铅胁迫对马铃薯幼苗生长形态及内源激素的影响. 西北农业学报, 2019,28:1830-1835.
Song J, Guo H C, Li J, Zhang G H, Si L C. Effect of lead stress on growth morphology and endogenous hormone of potato seedlings. Acta Agric Boreali-Occident Sin, 2019,28:1830-1835 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[25] 汤文光, 肖小平, 张海林, 黄桂林, 唐海明, 李超, 刘胜利, 汪柯. 轮耕对双季稻田耕层土壤养分库容及Cd含量的影响. 作物学报, 2018,44:105-114.
Tang W G, Xiao X P, Zhang H L, Huang G L, Tang H M, Li C, Liu S L, Wang K. Effects of rotational tillage on nutrient storage capacity and Cd content in tilth soil of double-cropping rice region. Acta Agron Sin, 2018,44:105-114 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[26] Islam K R. Response of rice seedlings to copper toxicity and acidity. J Plant Nutr, 2006,29:943-957.
[27] Nyitrai P, Bóka K, Gáspár L, Sárvári É, Lenti K, Keresztes Á. Characterization of the stimulating effect of low-dose stressors in maize and bean seedlings. J Plant Physiol, 2003,160:1175-1183.
[28] Gong J, Zhao A, Zhang L, Zhang X. A comparative study on anti-oxidative ability of several desert plants under drought stress. Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin, 2004,24:1570-1577.
[29] Cervilla L M, Blasco B, Ríos J J, Romero L, Ruiz J M. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) plants subjected to boron toxicity. Anal Bot, 2007,100:747-756.
[30] 赵会君, 梁昕昕, 魏玉清. 不同浓度的Cu、Mn、Zn胁迫对商陆叶片光合系统参数及抗氧化酶系统的影响. 北方园艺, 2020, (3):120-127.
Zhao H J, Liang X X, Wei Y Q. Effect of different concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn on the photosynthetic and antioxidative system of phytolaccca americana. Northern Hortic, 2020, (3):120-127 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[31] 莫争, 王春霞, 陈琴, 王海, 薛传金, 王子健. 重金属Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd在水稻植株中的富集和分布. 环境化学, 2002,21(2):110-116.
Mo Z, Wang C X, Chen Q, Wang H, Xue C J, Wang Z J. Enrichment and distribution of heavy metals Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd in rice plants. Environ Chem, 2002,21(2):110-116 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[32] 施亚星, 吴绍华, 周生路, 王春辉, 陈浩. 土壤-作物系统中重金属元素吸收、迁移和积累过程模拟. 环境科学, 2016,37:3996-4003.
Shi Y X, Wu S H, Zhou S L, Wang C H, Chen H. Simulation of the absorption, migration and accumulation process of heavy metal elements in soil-crop system. Environ Sci, 2016,37:3996-4003 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[33] 李淑芹, 田仲鹤, 金宏鑫, 于淼, 徐景钢. 施用城市污泥堆肥对土壤和大豆器官重金属积累的影响. 农业环境科学学报, 2014,33:352-357.
Li S Q, Tian Z H, Jin H X, Yu M, Xu J G. Effects of municipal sludge composting on heavy metal accumulation in soil and soybean organs. J Agric Environ Sci, 2014,33:352-357 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[34] 林小兵, 周利军, 王惠明, 刘晖, 武琳, 俞莹, 胡敏, 何波, 周青辉, 黄欠如. 不同水稻品种对重金属的积累特性. 环境科学, 2018,11:5198-5206.
Lin X B, Zhou L J, Wang H M, Liu H, Wu L, Yu Y, Hu M, He B, Zhou Q H, Huang Q R. Accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in different rice varieties. Environ Sci, 2018,11:5198-5206 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[1] YANG Jian-Chang, LI Chao-Qing, JIANG Yi. Contents and compositions of amino acids in rice grains and their regulation: a review [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(5): 1037-1050.
[2] LIU Li-Jun,WANG Kang-Jun,Ge Li-Li,FAN Miao-Miao,ZHANG Zi-Chang,WANG Zhi-Qin,YANG Jian-Chang. Relationship between Characteristics of Basal Internodes and Lodging and Its Physiological Mechanism in Dry-cultivated Rice [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38(05): 848-856.
[3] ZHAO Long-Fei,LI Chao-Hai,LIU Tian-Xue,WANG Xiu-Ping,SENG Shan-Shan,PAN Xu. Genotypic Responses and Physiological Mechanisms of Maize (Zea mays L.) to High Temperature Stress during Flowering [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38(05): 857-864.
[4] DUAN Hua, SHU Zheng-Hua, XU Yun-Ji, WANG Zhi-Qin, LIU Li-Jun, YANG Jian-Chang. Role of Irrigation Patterns in Reducing Harms of High Temperature to Rice [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38(01): 107-120.
[5] LIU Li-Jun,YANG Li-Nian,SUN Xiao-Lin,WANG Zhi-Qin,YANG Jian-Chang. Fartilizer-Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Its Physiological Mechanism under Site-Specific Nitrogen Management in Rice [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35(9): 1672-1680.
[6] CAO Yun-Ying,DUAN Hua,YANG Li-Nian,WANG Zhi-Qing,LIU Li-Jun,YANG Jian-Chang. Effect of High Temperature during Heading and Early Grain Filling on Grain Yield of Indica Rice Cultivars Differing in Heat-Tolerance and Its Physiological Mechanism [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35(3): 512-521.
[7] CAO Yun-Ying;DUAN Hua;YANG Li-Nian;WANG Zhi-Qing;YANG Jian-Chang. Effect of Heat-Stress during Meiosis on Grain Yield of Rice Cultivars Differing in Heat-Tolerance and Its Physiological Mechanism [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34(12): 2134-2142.
[8] WEI Hai-Yan;ZHANG Hong-Cheng;DAI Qi-Gen;HUO Zhong-Yang;XU Ke;HANG Jie;MA Qun;ZHANG Sheng-Fei;ZHANG Qing;LIU Yan-Yang. Characteristics of Matter Production and Accumulation in Rice Genotypes with Different N Use Efficiency [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33(11): 1802-1809.
[9] GUO Cheng-Jin;LI Bin-Xing;WANG Bin;LI Yan-Ming;XIAO Kai. Photosynthetic Characteristics and Relative Physiological Mechanism of Wheat Cultivars with Different Phosphorus Efficiencies [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32(08): 1209-1217.
[10] GUO Cheng-Jin;LI Bin-Xing;WANG Bin;LI Yan-Ming; XIAO Kai. Physiological Mechanisms of Absorption and use of Phosphorus with High Efficiency in Wheat Cultivars [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32(06): 827-832.
[11] ZHANG Yong-Li; XIAO Kai; LI Yan-Ming. Effects and Physiological Mechanism of Planting Densities on Photosynthesis Characteristics of Flag Leaf and Grain Yield in Wheat Hybrid C6-38/Py85-1 [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2005, 31(04): 498-505.
[12] XIAO Kai;ZHANG Shu-Hua;ZOU Ding-Hui;ZHANG Rong-Xian. The Effects of Different Nitrogen Nutrition Forms on Photosynthetic Characteristics in Wheat Leaves [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2000, 26(01): 53-58.
[13] Zhang Weifeng; Liang Yigang. Study on Technical System about the Simulating Three-line in Castor Bean [J]. Acta Agron Sin, 1999, 25(03): 392-395.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
Add: No. 80 Xueyuan South Rd, Beijing 100081, P. R. China E-mail: zwxb301@caas.cn
Supported by Beijing Magtech Co.Ltd