施钾量对夏玉米氮、磷、钾吸收利用和籽粒产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.13067

Abstract

Abstract:

Field experiments were conducted at Dongping Agricultural Science Institute, Tai’an city, Shandong province from 2019 to 2020, using Denghai 605 (DH605) as the experimental material. To study the effects of K application on summer maize grain yield, nutrient uptake and transportation, and utilization under continuous multi-year straw return conditions, five K₂O application rates of 0 kg hm^-2 (K₀), 150 kg hm^-2 (K₁), 225 kg hm^-2 (K₂), 300 kg hm^-2 (K₃), and 375 kg hm^-2 (K₄) were set under uniform N and P fertilizer rates (N 225 kg hm^-2 and P₂O₅ 110 kg hm^-2). The results showed that K application significantly increased grain yield with the highest increase at 225 kg hm^-2 in both years, 13.64% and 15.27% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. K application significantly increased maize leaf area index, biomass and the intensity of dry matter transfer to the ears, promoted plant uptake of N, P and K, and increased maize N, P and K accumulation and the proportion of N and P accumulation after flowering, but the efficiency gain decreased when the K application was less than 225 kg hm^-2. With the increase of K application, the nutrient transport of maize increased and then decreased, with the highest amount of nutrient translocation and the contribution rate of nutrient translocation at 300 kg hm^-2. The nutrient harvest index, apparent utilization efficiency of N, P, and K, and agronomic utilization efficiency of K remained at a high level when K application rate was at 225 kg hm^-2, and the fertilizer utilization efficiency decreased significantly when K application rate exceeded 300 kg hm^-2. The appropriate amount of K application promoted the shoot growth of summer maize, increased biomass accumulation, significantly improved the uptake efficiency and plant N, P, and K accumulation of summer maize, optimized post-flowering nutrient accumulation and distribution, and improved the contribution of nutrient translocation to the formation of grain yield, thus improving the grain yield and nutrient utilization of summer maize. Considering the factors of grain yield, nutrient accumulation and transport, and fertilizer utilization, the K application rate of 225 kg hm^-2 was suitable for this experiment.

Key words: potassium application, summer maize, nutrient uptake and utilization, grain yield

SONG Jie, WANG Shao-Xiang, LI Liang, HUANG Jin-Ling, ZHAO Bin, ZHANG Ji-Wang, REN Bai-Zhao, LIU Peng. Effects of potassium application rate on NPK uptake and utilization and grain yield in summer maize (Zea mays L.)[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(2): 539-551.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 2

Table 3

Effects of different potassium fertilizers on nutrient accumulation of summer maize plant"

养分 Nutrient	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	养分积累量 Nutrient accumulation (kg hm^-2)
养分 Nutrient	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	V9	V12	Vt	R2	R3	R6
N	2019	K₀	33.76±0.42 d	45.70±0.80 c	91.27±2.42 e	100.66±2.14 c	116.43±2.33 d	128.17±2.95 c
		K₁	40.10±1.22 bc	64.64±4.33 b	122.81±0.67 c	142.57±0.58 b	155.62±6.17 c	173.54±1.21 b
		K₂	46.32±0.91 a	72.55±2.35 a	134.81±3.25 b	179.37±0.98 a	199.78±0.95 a	230.27±5.67 a
		K₃	41.23±1.69 b	69.20±0.58 ab	145.27±2.58 a	170.54±2.98 a	174.21±4.15 b	191.29±7.29 b
		K₄	36.71±0.64 cd	66.82±1.13 ab	100.06±1.30 d	144.94±3.24 b	161.88±3.43 bc	177.70±9.94 b
	2020	K₀	32.13±0.40 d	51.05±0.90 d	85.02±2.25 c	106.68±1.32 d	110.14±2.87 d	116.45±2.42 e
		K₁	43.54±1.33 ab	57.13±3.82 cd	90.81±1.16 bc	144.46±0.47 b	156.20±8.03 c	165.78±0.94 d
		K₂	45.69±0.90 a	72.94±2.37 a	110.13±2.71 a	176.28±0.78 a	208.53±9.45 a	221.55±5.48 a
		K₃	40.21±1.65 bc	65.25±0.55 b	111.29±1.90 a	167.67±2.57 a	178.34±5.64 b	185.08±3.15 b
		K₄	39.83±0.70 c	62.79±1.06 bc	96.43±1.09 b	153.43±1.21 b	165.53±5.78 c	179.18±3.46 c
P	2019	K₀	12.00±0.08 c	26.62±0.49 d	47.44±0.11 e	61.24±2.87 d	71.41±0.89 c	78.81±2.14 c
		K₁	16.09±0.47 b	32.58±0.38 b	54.24±1.11 c	72.61±0.69 c	87.88±1.67 b	107.86±1.24 a
		K₂	17.89±0.38 a	36.42±1.07 a	59.19±1.47 b	84.82±0.23 a	97.81±1.78 a	108.21±0.54 a
		K₃	18.55±0.77 a	32.14±0.62 b	57.49±1.06 a	70.81±2.38 b	94.85±1.67 a	101.73±2.44 ab
		K₄	14.97±0.26 b	29.54±0.55 c	49.18±1.24 d	65.47±1.21 d	89.94±3.20 b	97.17±1.01 b
	2020	K₀	10.85±0.49 c	26.94±0.57 c	38.07±0.11 d	60.66±2.71 c	67.43±0.78 c	73.61±2.45 c
		K₁	16.74±0.08 a	29.01±0.35 bc	40.05±0.88 d	76.04±3.04 a	87.50±0.68 b	100.85±0.94 b
		K₂	17.24±0.37 a	35.15±1.08 a	49.43±1.30 b	76.71±0.10 a	107.73±3.12 a	114.34±0.87 a
		K₃	16.25±0.76 ab	30.06±0.58 b	53.05±0.89 a	70.33±2.23 b	106.94±2.46 a	110.59±3.25 a
		K₄	14.97±0.24 b	27.80±0.52 c	45.40±1.20 c	66.18±1.48 b	95.40±2.44 b	100.68±1.54 b
K	2019	K₀	36.10±0.58 d	77.48±2.07 c	83.04±0.45 c	129.81±2.49 e	121.48±1.73 d	119.30±5.16 d
		K₁	69.86±0.64 c	118.93±2.06 c	140.86±1.28 b	167.72±1.54 c	184.85±1.49 b	170.72±3.47 b
		K₂	81.31±1.20 a	132.16±0.02 a	165.90±0.20 a	185.41±2.74 a	194.34±1.29 a	188.37±0.46 a
		K₃	74.78±0.31 b	118.02±0.73 c	167.35±2.82 a	171.08±1.83 b	176.27±1.12 c	160.23±2.22 c
		K₄	69.35±0.31 c	124.45±1.73 b	146.24±0.37 b	157.94±0.97 d	179.37±1.54 c	160.45±1.48 c
	2020	K₀	32.14±0.47 e	65.72±11.12 c	77.90±0.64 d	133.20±2.53 d	123.37±1.87 e	108.57±4.26 d
		K₁	71.45±0.69 b	106.25±1.84 b	114.77±0.33 c	168.54±0.97 c	178.62±0.77 d	155.30±1.84 c
		K₂	77.56±1.17 a	126.11±0.03 a	153.85±2.14 a	194.44±2.18 a	234.09±1.29 a	201.37±0.56 a
		K₃	61.62±0.30 d	110.12±0.68 ab	144.04±2.16 b	185.89±1.73 b	216.90±1.51 b	174.39±2.66 b
		K₄	67.26±0.31 c	117.13±1.63 ab	151.17±0.37 a	169.03±1.21 c	190.13±1.65 c	159.62±1.44 c

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Effects of different potassium application rate on nutrient translocation of summer maize"

养分 Nutrient	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	养分转运量 Nutrient translocation amount (kg hm^-2)	养分转运率 Nutrient translocation proportion (%)	籽粒养分积累量 Grain nutrient accumulation (kg hm^-2)	养分转运贡献率Contribution of nutrient translocation (%)
N	2019	K₀	10.70±2.29 c	19.29±3.64 c	85.52±0.88 c	12.52±2.66 c
		K₁	36.69±1.46 b	45.48±1.42 a	127.66±1.94 b	28.72±0.77 ab
		K₂	37.59±0.93 b	34.80±1.13 b	158.90±4.50 a	23.71±1.04 b
		K₃	45.02±1.91 a	42.76±1.64 a	131.74±5.93 b	34.36±1.04 a
		K₄	41.01±1.35 b	42.33±0.65 a	123.42±9.47 b	33.64±2.76 a
	2020	K₀	13.25±2.00 c	24.36±3.04 d	75.55±0.78 c	17.54±2.61 c
		K₁	39.52±1.41 b	48.24±1.36 a	104.88±1.59 b	37.66±0.84 a
		K₂	39.09±1.24 b	33.71±1.31 c	144.61±4.09 a	27.09±1.36 b
		K₃	47.93±2.27 a	41.80±1.86 b	118.37±5.35 b	40.52±1.18 a
		K₄	40.12±1.63 b	40.74±0.24 b	114.26±3.76 b	35.48±2.62 a
P	2019	K₀	10.01±0.51 c	30.61±1.33 d	43.45±0.89 b	23.03±1.71 c
		K₁	14.71±0.69 b	33.16±1.37 c	62.55±1.12 a	23.51±1.74 c
		K₂	16.98±0.34 b	33.94±0.71 c	65.92±0.45 a	25.75±0.37 b
		K₃	18.65±0.22 a	40.03±0.48 a	64.60±5.37 a	34.78±1.45 a
		K₄	17.34±0.83 a	37.04±1.77 a	49.93±2.19 b	29.91±2.53 b
	2020	K₀	10.86±0.47 d	31.73±1.37 d	38.38±0.78 d	28.37±1.75 c
		K₁	15.11±0.64 c	33.31±0.65 c	51.38±0.92 bc	29.39±1.12 c
		K₂	20.92±0.37 b	37.25±0.66 b	59.99±0.40 a	34.86±0.38 b
		K₃	24.55±0.26 a	43.51±0.46 a	58.29±4.84 ab	43.17±3.64 a
		K₄	20.28±1.02 b	40.84±2.07 ab	46.22±2.03 c	42.92±1.79 a
K	2019	K₀	16.31±0.77 c	17.38±0.70 a	31.95±0.97 d	51.05±0.57 b
		K₁	22.48±0.98 b	15.10±0.70 a	49.88±0.37 a	45.04±1.68 c
		K₂	25.62±0.16 a	15.02±0.10 a	49.24±0.33 a	52.03±0.60 b
		K₃	27.12±0.32 a	17.49±0.87 a	47.07±0.37 b	57.61±1.57 a
		K₄	18.73±2.18 c	14.03±1.55 a	41.22±0.22 c	45.44±5.19 c
	2020	K₀	18.88±2.26 c	17.99±2.05 a	28.22±0.85 e	66.90±7.67 c
		K₁	28.12±2.45 b	19.01±1.57 a	40.98±0.30 c	68.61±5.51 c
		K₂	29.74±0.81 b	15.43±0.37 b	44.82±0.30 a	66.35±1.39 c
		K₃	34.77±1.35 a	19.02±0.41 a	42.48±0.33 b	81.85±0.27 a
		K₄	29.05±1.84 b	18.59±1.08 a	38.16±0.20 d	76.13±4.44 b

Table 5

Table 6

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	单位面积穗数 Ear numbers (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains numbers (grain ear^-1)	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (t hm^-2)
2019	K₀	6.76±0.05 a	541.81±1.92 b	328.35±2.43 b	12.02±0.18 c
	K₁	6.75±0.06 a	562.84±4.60 ab	343.28±1.55 a	13.04±0.25 b
	K₂	6.84±0.03 a	580.80±3.05 a	343.87±1.75 a	13.66±0.30 a
	K₃	6.84±0.08 a	554.78±2.66 b	341.96±0.07 a	12.98±0.33 b
	K₄	6.83±0.05 a	556.24±3.77 b	339.51±0.57 a	12.90±0.31 b
2020	K₀	6.52±0.07 a	558.28±3.71 c	324.03±0.15 c	11.79±0.10 c
	K₁	6.62±0.13 a	581.18±9.69 ab	346.07±4.39 a	13.34±0.32 a
	K₂	6.56±0.04 a	590.29±4.31 a	351.15±2.56 a	13.59±0.15 a
	K₃	6.62±0.10 a	575.71±6.71 b	336.02±1.03 b	12.79±0.30 b
	K₄	6.58±0.04 a	584.44±4.66 ab	333.97±2.37 b	12.84±0.20 b

年份 Year	处理 Treatments	叶 Leaf			茎 Stem			总量 Total
年份 Year	处理 Treatments	DMR (t hm^-2)	DMRE (%)	DMRCG (%)	DMR (t hm^-2)	DMRE (%)	DMRCG (%)	DMR (t hm^-2)	DMRE (%)	DMRCG (%)
2019	K₀	0.27±0.02 b	12.95±1.22 c	2.92±0.22 c	0.11±0.01 c	2.38±0.12 d	1.21±0.21 c	0.39±0.02 d	15.33±2.03 c	4.25±0.54 c
	K₁	0.68±0.08 a	22.03±2.25 b	4.92±1.10 a	0.25±0.04 c	4.75±0.87 cd	1.77±0.47 c	0.92±0.10 c	26.79±1.54 b	6.70±0.54 b
	K₂	0.79±0.09 a	31.13±3.22 a	5.52±0.87 a	0.91±0.07 a	15.76±1.54 a	6.47±0.87 b	1.70±0.15 a	46.90±2.54 a	11.96±1.87 a
	K₃	0.32±0.06 b	12.05±0.21 c	2.37±042 c	0.92±0.06 a	18.18±2.11 a	7.79±0.45 a	1.23±0.10 b	30.23±2.54 b	9.16±0.89 a
	K₄	0.08±0.01 c	3.16±0.54 d	0.67±0.01 d	0.49±0.06 b	8.32±1.21 b	6.44±1.01 b	0.57±0.11c	11.49±2.01 c	4.85±0.56 c
2020	K₀	0.20±0.04 c	9.92±1.12 c	2.46±0.07 c	0.61±0.11 c	12.23±1.21 b	6.53±0.87 c	0.76±0.06 d	8.84±1.87 c	9.38±1.68 c
	K₁	0.85±0.14 b	29.16±2.21 b	7.47±1.01 b	0.75±0.10 bc	11.19±1.23 b	6.63±0.54 c	1.68±0.17 c	14.79±2.05 b	14.81±2.22 b
	K₂	1.19±0.10 a	32.70±2.22 ab	9.19±1.87 a	0.95±0.153 b	11.97±0.37 b	7.41±0.54 bc	2.48±0.22 b	17.93±2.22 b	19.10±2.10 ab
	K₃	1.31±0.08 a	36.12±1.57 a	10.90±0.77 a	1.28±0.08 a	16.63±0.87 a	10.60±1.32 a	2.91±0.14 a	21.63±2.21 a	24.13±0.78 a
	K₄	1.16±0.15 a	35.83±2.54 a	10.71±2.11 a	0.96±0.15 b	14.22±0.98 a	8.75±0.87 b	2.43±0.20 b	20.747±0.87 a	22.41±1.54 a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮素吸收效率 N absorption efficiency (kg kg^-1)	磷素吸收效率 P absorption efficiency (kg kg^-1)	钾素吸收效率 K absorption efficiency (kg kg^-1)
2019	K₀	0.57±0.01 c	0.63±0.01 c	—
	K₁	0.77±0.01 b	0.89±0.01 a	1.17±0.01 a
	K₂	1.02±0.02 a	0.89±0.01 a	0.86±0.01 b
	K₃	0.85±0.03 b	0.84±0.09 a	0.55±0.01 c
	K₄	0.79±0.07 b	0.72±0.02 b	0.44±0.02 d
	2020	K₀	0.52±0.01 e	0.56±0.02 d	—
K₁		0.65±0.01 d	0.77±0.01 b	1.07±0.01 a
K₂		0.98±0.02 a	0.89±0.01 a	0.92±0.01 b
K₃		0.82±0.01 b	0.82±0.04 ab	0.60±0.01 c
K₄		0.73±0.04 c	0.69±0.01 c	0.44±0.02 d

养分 Nutrient	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	收获指数 Harvest index (%)	表观利用率 Apparent utilization (%)	农学利用率 Agronomic efficiency (kg kg^-1)
N	2019	K₀	66.76±0.91 b	—	—
		K₁	73.56±0.73 a	16.70±1.42 c	—
		K₂	68.99±0.54 b	38.54±3.22 a	—
		K₃	68.50±1.63 b	30.54±1.40 b	—
		K₄	69.31±1.62 b	18.98±3.68 c	—
	2020	K₀	64.91±0.75 bc	—	—
		K₁	71.22±0.77 a	13.69±0.42 d	—
		K₂	65.27±0.61 b	46.70±2.43 a	—
		K₃	63.89±1.84 c	30.50±1.40 b	—
		K₄	68.88±1.69 ab	21.82±4.13 c	—
P	2019	K₀	62.76±0.23 b	—	—
		K₁	63.60±0.72 b	19.68±0.78 c	—
		K₂	67.37±0.38 a	28.99±1.24 a	—
		K₃	69.62±1.53 a	24.55±4.21 b	—
		K₄	62.82±1.52 b	13.57±0.87 d	—
	2020	K₀	62.15±0.22 ab	—	—
		K₁	60.36±0.75 b	21.23±0.78 b	—
		K₂	62.99±0.39 ab	30.43±1.54 a	—
		K₃	64.47±1.66 a	25.82±4.61 ab	—
		K₄	61.09±1.71 ab	12.58±1.45 c	—
K	2019	K₀	25.43±0.67 b	—	—
		K₁	28.30±0.46 a	33.14±2.57 b	11.01±1.10 a
		K₂	25.36±0.15 b	38.97±2.14 a	9.50±0.61 a
		K₃	28.45±0.27 a	24.57±1.28 c	5.54±0.27 b
		K₄	24.93±0.19 b	14.98±1.47 d	2.46±0.22 c
	2020	K₀	24.74±0.68 ab	—	—
		K₁	25.53±0.42 a	30.98±1.04 b	12.63±0.84 a
		K₂	24.82±0.73 a	41.63±2.57 a	9.97±0.68 a
		K₃	23.54±0.53 bc	22.14±0.76 c	4.20±0.09 b
		K₄	23.16±0.84c	13.51±2.21 d	1.46±0.11 c

Effects of potassium application rate on NPK uptake and utilization and grain yield in summer maize (Zea mays L.)

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