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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (10): 2927-2938.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.64008

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Analysis of inheritance patterns for phenotypic traits and fatty acid content in F1 interspecific hybrids of adlay (Coix L.)

Li Xiang-Dong1,2(), Zheng Chuan-Qi1, Lu Xiu-Juan1, Guo Chao2, Wei Xin-Yuan1, Liu Min-Xuan3,*()   

  1. 1 Southwest Guizhou Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xingyi 562400, Guizhou, China
    2 Maize Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 600031, Sichuan, China
    3 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2026-01-20 Accepted:2026-07-15 Online:2026-10-12 Published:2026-07-23
  • Contact: Liu Min-Xuan, E-mail: liuminxuan@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    Provincial Financial Seed Industry Development Projects in Guizhou (Qiancainong [2025]10);Natural Science Fund of Sichuan(2023NSFSC0216);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2060299)

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Abstract:

This study aimed to elucidate the heterosis and inheritance patterns of major phenotypic traits and fatty acid contents in F1 interspecific hybrids derived from Coix lacryma-jobi var. maxima Makino×Coix chinensis var. chinensis, thereby providing a foundation for interspecific introgression breeding and heterosis utilization in adlay. Five cross combinations were developed using the common male parent CL91 and five local varieties as female parents, and mid-parent heterosis and higher-parent heterosis were calculated for major agronomic traits, involucre traits, and free fatty acid contents. Cluster analysis based on 13 phenotypic traits showed that four F1 hybrids, JZCL, JFCL, JNCL, and BCL, were morphologically more similar to their female parents, whereas WYCL more closely resembled the male parent. For the eight agronomic traits, mid-parent heterosis and higher-parent heterosis ranged from -30.6% to 90.2% and from -48.1% to 77.3%, respectively. Overall, most cross combinations showed positive mid-parent heterosis, whereas only a few exhibited higher-parent inheritance for specific traits. For the five involucre traits, mid-parent heterosis and higher-parent heterosis ranged from -5.3% to 52.7% and from -32.7% to 9.5%, respectively. Involucre size and shape generally fell between those of the male and female parents, with predominantly positive mid-parent heterosis, whereas higher-parent heterosis was consistently negative. A total of 22 free fatty acids were detected in adlay seeds, including 8 unsaturated and 14 saturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid (C18-2n6c), oleic acid (C18-1n9c), palmitic acid (C16-0), and stearic acid (C18-0) were the most abundant fatty acids and varied significantly among the five F1 hybrids and their parents. The hybrids JNCL and WYCL exhibited pronounced heterosis and higher-parent inheritance for multiple fatty acids and total fatty acid content, whereas JZCL, JFCL, and BCL showed relatively weak heterosis for fatty acid content. The interspecific hybrids of Coix lacryma-jobi var. maxima Makino×Coix chinensis var. chinensis exhibited broad mid-parent heterosis in plant morphology and developmental traits, such as plant height and grain layer number, indicating that F1 plants were generally more vigorous under the “subtropical/tropical×temperate” crossing pattern. In addition, JNYM and WY02 could serve as valuable parental lines for fatty acid improvement in adlay breeding programs.

Key words: F1 hybrids, agronomic trait, fatty acid, mid-parent heterosis, higher-parent heterosis, Coix L.

Table 1

Details of tested parental lines"

编号No. 名称Name 植物学分类Taxonomy 类型Type 来源Origin
CL91 江苏川谷Jiangsuchuangu 念珠薏苡Coix lacryma-jobi var. maxima Makino 野生Wild 中国江苏Jiangsu, China
JZYM 锦州薏米Jinzhouyimi 薏米Coix chinensis var. chinensis Tod. 栽培Cultivar 中国辽宁
Liaoning, China
JNYM 济南薏米Jinanyimi 薏米Coix chinensis var. chinensis Tod. 栽培Cultivar 中国山东
Shandong, China
JF19-41 冀辐19-41 Jifu 19-41 薏米Coix chinensis var. chinensis Tod. 栽培Cultivar 中国河北Hebei, China
WY02 皖薏2号Wanyi 2 薏米Coix chinensis var. chinensis Tod. 栽培Cultivar 中国安徽Anhui, China
BYM 白薏米Baiyimi 薏米Coix chinensis var. chinensis Tod. 栽培Cultivar 中国四川Sichuan, China

Fig. 1

Procedure of interspecific crossing and involucre characteristics in adlay Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1. Codes of JZCL, JNCL, JFCL, WYCL, and BCL were hybrids of JZYM (♀)×CL91 (♂), JNYM (♀)×CL91 (♂), JF19-41 (♀)×CL91 (♂), WY02 (♀)×CL91 (♂), BYM (♀)×CL91 (♂), respectively."

Fig. 2

Cluster analysis and phenotypic characteristics of F1 hybrids and parental lines Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1 and Fig. 1."

Table 2

Mean values of agronomic traits in parental lines and F1 hybrids"

编号
No.		 PH
(cm)		 GL
(cm)		 MSD
(cm)		 LL
(cm)		 WL
(cm)		 TT NMS BN
CL91 49.0 49.0 4.3 31.3 3.3 6.3 6.0 2.0
JZYM 138.7 132.8 7.3 34.3 3.5 7.3 6.3 2.0
JNYM 153.7 143.7 7.1 34.7 3.4 5.7 9.0 2.0
JF19-41 81.3 81.3 6.4 26.2 2.6 10.3 7.3 2.0
WY02 171.7 161.7 8.2 44.7 3.7 4.3 9.3 2.0
BYM 208.3 111.7 9.6 44.0 4.4 5.7 10.0 5.0
JZCL 72.0 72.0 4.0 31.3 3.1 13.0 6.0 2.0
JNCL 103.3 103.3 7.9 46.0 4.5 6.4 8.0 2.0
JFCL 103.0 103.0 5.2 32.3 3.0 8.0 7.7 2.0
WYCL 95.3 95.3 8.9 40.0 3.4 8.7 7.3 2.0
BCL 160.7 150.7 9.4 42.7 4.1 8.7 8.0 5.0

Table 3

Mean values of involucre traits in parental lines and F1 hybrids"

编号No. HFW (g) IL (mm) IW (mm) IP (mm) IR IL/IW
CL91 39.3 11.0 11.3 39.0 0.9 1.0
JZYM 14.3 11.6 7.2 30.8 0.6 1.6
JNYM 10.2 9.6 6.7 26.7 0.6 1.4
JF19-41 11.8 10.2 5.4 29.1 0.6 1.9
WY02 6.2 9.6 6.1 24.5 0.7 1.6
BYM 6.9 8.9 6.7 26.1 0.7 1.3
JZCL 40.9 12.0 10.2 37.1 0.8 1.2
JNCL 31.0 11.5 9.5 34.6 0.8 1.2
JFCL 27.5 10.3 8.5 32.2 0.8 1.2
WYCL 26.4 10.6 8.5 33.6 0.8 1.2
BCL 26.7 10.6 9.3 32.4 0.8 1.1

Table 4

Heterosis of agronomic traits in F1 adlay plants"

编号No. 中亲优势Mid-parent heterosis (%) 超高亲优势Higher-parent heterosis (%)
PH GL MSD LL LW TT NSM BN PH GL MSD LL LW TT NSM BN
JZCL -23.3 -20.8 -30.6 -4.6 -9.4 90.2 -2.7 0 -48.1 -45.8 -44.7 -8.7 -12.4 77.3 -5.3 0
JNCL 2.0 7.3 38.2 39.4 35.7 6.7 6.7 0 -32.8 -28.1 -6.9 0 -6.1 1.1 -11.1 0
JFCL 58.1 58.1 -4.1 12.5 1.7 -4.0 15.8 0 26.6 26.6 -20.0 23.6 13.9 -22.6 5.5 0
WYCL -13.6 -9.5 42.3 5.3 -1.0 62.5 -4.3 0 -44.5 -41.0 8.6 -10.4 -6.4 36.8 -21.4 0
BCL 24.9 87.6 35.1 13.3 7.8 44.4 0 42.9 -22.9 34.9 -2.0 -3.0 -6.1 36.8 -20.0 0

Table 5

Heterosis of involucre traits in F1 adlay plants"

编号No. 中亲优势Mid-parent heterosis (%) 超高亲优势Higher-parent heterosis (%)
HFW IL IW IP IR HFW IL IW IP IR
JZCL 52.7 25.5 7.8 16.3 16.0 4.2 -20.9 -29.9 -32.7 -31.9
JNCL 6.4 11.5 -2.2 3.4 7.0 9.5 4.5 -5.8 -3.3 -3.1
JFCL 9.8 5.8 1.5 -1.9 3.1 -9.9 -15.9 -25.0 -24.6 -18.1
WYCL 6.4 5.5 -5.3 6.0 -0.3 -4.9 -11.2 -17.3 -13.7 -16.8
BCL 5.6 1.4 6.2 -1.3 -0.2 -10.5 -13.0 -12.7 -14.9 -13.9

Fig. 3

Cluster heatmap and differential analysis of free fatty acids in adlay seeds A: cluster heatmap of 22 free fatty acids; B, C, D, E, and F: histograms of the major fatty acid contents in the JZCL, JNCL, JFCL, WYCL, and BCL hybrids and their corresponding parental lines, respectively. TC: total fatty acid. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1 and Fig. 1. *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels, respectively; ns indicates no significant difference."

Table 6

Free fatty acid contents of parental lines and F1 hybrids"

编号
No.		 物质
Compounds		 含量Content (μg g−1)
CL91 JZYM JNYM JF19-41 WY02 BYM JZCL JNCL JFCL WYCL BCL
C18-3n3c 顺式-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸(α-亚麻酸)
cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (alpha-linolenic acid)		 33.55 35.83 29.60 36.24 43.29 37.28 30.13 39.78 27.58 44.12 33.11
C18-1n9t 反式-9-十八碳烯酸(反式-油酸)
trans-9-octadecenoic acid (trans-oleic acid)		 49.70 33.62 31.70 42.92 46.26 22.11 23.58 40.48 26.38 60.40 30.05
C20-1n9c 顺式-11-二十碳烯酸(花生油酸)
cis-11-eicosenoic acid (gondoic acid)		 15.82 16.16 6.32 11.55 12.83 6.54 9.15 11.43 7.30 18.66 7.75
C18-2n6c 顺式-9,12-十八碳二烯酸(亚油酸)
cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid)		 2042.00 1942.89 1698.19 1886.15 2290.98 1858.07 1778.56 2211.02 1691.89 2649.85 2123.22
C15-0 十五烷酸 Pentadecanoic acid 1.39 1.30 1.99 1.47 1.84 2.63 1.36 1.88 1.24 1.85 1.71
C20-2n6c 顺式-11,14-二十碳二烯酸(HOMO-γ-亚油酸)
cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid (homo-gamma-linoleic acid)		 1.19 1.23 0.90 0.67 1.25 0.64 1.34 1.08 0.86 1.40 0.79
C14-0 十四烷酸(肉豆蔻酸) Tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid) 1.84 2.76 2.16 2.32 3.05 4.04 2.15 2.60 1.94 3.59 2.57
C12-0 十二烷酸(月桂酸) Dodecanoic acid (lauric acid) 0.30 0.31 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.31 0.27 0.33 0.28
C23-0 二十三烷酸 Tricosanoic acid 4.84 3.38 6.66 4.42 5.16 8.86 3.82 4.30 3.41 4.63 5.65
C16-0 十六烷酸(棕榈酸) Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) 701.00 588.00 690.47 775.87 786.84 818.37 486.04 765.41 554.98 1034.54 709.71
C17-0 十七烷酸(珠光脂酸) Heptadecanoic acid (margaric acid) 2.36 2.05 2.15 2.31 2.77 3.14 1.72 2.38 1.79 3.35 2.22
C22-0 二十二烷酸(山嵛酸) Docosanoic acid (behenic acid) 8.60 7.42 6.36 7.09 7.32 9.46 6.96 7.55 5.15 9.20 7.91
C20-0 二十烷酸(花生酸) Eicosanoic acid (arachidic acid) 24.84 19.08 11.84 18.28 15.57 17.64 13.11 18.96 11.69 30.04 15.38
C21-0 二十一烷酸 Heneicosanoic acid 1.93 1.60 2.62 2.25 2.25 3.17 1.82 1.93 1.53 2.14 2.26
C19-0 十九烷酸 Nonadecanoic acid 2.16 2.17 4.73 3.15 3.67 4.96 1.95 2.83 2.17 3.59 3.04
C24-0 二十四烷酸(木蜡酸) Tetracosanoic acid (lignoceric acid) 10.26 6.96 9.32 7.42 9.27 11.55 8.13 8.76 5.84 9.94 9.60
C18-0 十八烷酸(硬脂酸) Octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) 131.18 121.09 66.46 100.70 90.60 95.07 86.07 115.84 83.14 147.81 104.27
C16-1n7c 顺式-9-十六碳烯酸(棕榈油酸)
cis-9-hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid)		 6.59 3.32 5.50 7.78 12.01 4.16 3.18 9.18 4.19 14.18 6.21
C10-0 癸酸 Decanoic acid 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.09
C18-1n9c 顺式-9-十八碳烯酸(油酸)
cis-9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid)		 1241.07 1107.69 650.29 1153.88 1192.90 533.42 671.51 1138.10 709.90 1659.36 742.56
C22-1n9c 顺式-13-二十二碳烯酸(芥酸)
cis-13-docosenoic acid (erucic acid)		 1.04 0.08 0.40 ND 0.03 0.45 0.02 ND 0.44 0.08 0.46
C6-0 己酸 Hexanoic acid 0.19 0.14 0.58 ND 0.06 0.83 ND ND ND ND ND
TC 总脂肪酸 Total fatty acid 4281.93 3897.16 3228.56 4064.80 4528.36 3442.82 3130.97 4383.88 3141.78 5699.16 3808.85

Table 7

Mid-parent heterosis and higher-parent heterosis of fatty acid contents in F1 plants"

编号No. 中亲优势Mid-parent heterosis (%) 超高亲优势Higher-parent heterosis (%)
JZCL JNCL JFCL WYCL BCL JZCL JNCL JFCL WYCL BCL
C18-3n3c -13.1 26.0 -20.9 14.8 -0.6 -15.9 18.6 -23.9 1.9 -11.2
C18-1n9t -43.4 -0.5 -43.0 25.9 -24.6 -52.5 -18.6 -46.9 21.5 -39.5
C20-1n9c -42.8 3.2 -46.7 30.3 -34.3 -43.4 -27.7 -53.9 18.0 -51.0
C18-2n6c -10.7 18.2 -13.9 22.3 1.9 -12.9 8.3 -17.1 15.7 4.0
C15-0 1.7 11.4 -13.3 14.7 10.5 -1.5 -5.6 -15.8 0.5 -34.9
C20-2n6c 10.2 3.1 -7.7 14.2 -20.4 8.3 -9.4 -27.9 11.4 -33.9
C14-0 -6.4 29.8 -6.6 46.7 16.6 -22.0 20.1 -16.3 17.5 -36.3
C12-0 -4.6 18.1 -2.2 11.1 -2.1 -6.1 3.6 -8.3 10.5 -5.5
C23-0 -7.1 -25.2 -26.4 -7.4 7.8 -21.1 -35.4 -29.6 -10.3 -36.1
C16-0 -24.6 10.0 -24.8 39.1 0.6 -30.7 9.2 -28.5 31.5 -13.3
C17-0 -21.9 5.4 -23.5 30.8 -3.1 -27.0 0.8 -24.3 21.3 -29.3
C22-0 -13.1 0.9 -34.4 15.6 -4.2 -19.1 -12.2 -40.2 7.0 -16.4
C20-0 -40.3 3.4 -45.8 48.7 -23.5 -47.2 -23.7 -52.9 20.9 -38.1
C21-0 2.8 -15.1 -26.8 2.2 7.9 -6.0 -26.2 -32.0 -5.1 -28.7
C19-0 -10.0 -17.9 -18.2 23.1 17.0 -10.3 -40.2 -31.2 -2.3 -38.8
C24-0 -5.5 -10.5 -33.9 1.8 -3.4 -20.7 -14.6 -43.0 -3.1 -16.9
C18-0 -31.8 17.2 -28.3 33.3 -11.4 -34.4 -11.7 -36.6 12.7 -20.5
C16-1n7c -35.9 51.8 -41.7 52.4 -3.0 -51.8 39.2 -46.1 18.1 -5.8
C10-0 -5.4 -8.8 -2.5 11.5 -0.9 -6.2 -11.6 -7.4 4.7 -23.8
C18-1n9c -42.8 20.3 -40.7 36.3 -25.1 -45.1 -8.3 -42.8 33.7 -40.2
C22-1n9c -96.2 -100.0 -14.9 -85.8 -38.1 -98.0 -100.0 -57.4 -92.6 -55.2
C6-0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0
TC -23.4 16.7 -24.7 29.4 -5.8 -26.9 2.4 -26.6 25.9 -11.0
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