藜麦活性成分研究进展

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01579

Abstract

Abstract:

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a dicotyledon belonging to Amaranthaceae family, has been regarded as a functional healthy food because of its excellent nutritional characteristics. Quinoa has been most widely commercialized, consumed and also studied for their high contents of vitamin, essential amino acids, minerals and bioactive compounds. Indeed, the presence of these bioactive compounds in quinoa seeds well leads to their being considered a ‘‘functional food”. The bioactive compounds mainly consist of polyphenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins), saponins, polysaccharides, polypeptides, ecdysone and aliphatic acids, and are confirmed as the main constituents of quinoa secondary metabolite, with activities in antioxidant, antidiabetics, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory, enhancing immune, preventing cardiovascular diseases and antibacterial. The popularity of quinoa has increased in recent years due to the claims of benefits to health and superfood qualities. This paper reviews the function of bioactive compounds in quinoa, and its research and development of related products in future. It is intended to provide important references to the quinoa industry, food health and pharmaceutical research and development.

Key words: quinoa, bioactive components, polyphenol, saponin, polysaccharide

Yi-Chen HU,Gang ZHAO,Pei-You QIN,Yan-Fen CHENG,Ya-Na CAO,Liang ZOU,Gui-Xing REN. Research Progress on Bioactive Components of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2018, 44(11): 1579-1591.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1

Concentration of individual free phenolic compounds in white, red and black quinoa species measured by HPLC-DAD-MS [10] (mg kg-1)"

编号 Code	自由酚类化合物 Free phenolic compounds	白色藜麦籽粒 White quinoa		红色藜麦籽粒 Red quinoa			黑色藜麦籽粒 Black quinoa
1	3,4-二羟基苯甲酸 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid	Not detected		29.82±0.67			47.38±1.39
2	对香豆酸 4-葡萄糖苷 p-coumaric acid 4-glucoside	Not detected		19.34±1.21			31.31±1.88
3	对羟基苯甲酸 p-hydroxybenzoic acid	15.84±0.72		17.24±0.49			16.97±0.31
4	香草酸 4-葡萄糖苷 Vanillic acid 4-glucoside	23.09±1.75		24.62±1.12			27.39±1.09
5	2,5-二羟基苯甲酸 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid	0.59±0.06		0.73±0.13			0.28±0.04
6	咖啡酸 Caffeic acid	4.39±0.02		4.94±0.03			19.61±0.02
7	香草酸 Vanillic acid	63.45±2.22		70.02±1.71			39.03±2.04
8	表没食子儿茶素 Epigallocatechin	1.55±0.03		2.71±0.04			3.21±0.04
9	表儿茶素 Epicatechin	4.62±0.12		3.89±0.11			4.23±0.18
10	香草醛 Vanillin	4.19±0.09		6.65±0.24			8.39±0.39
11	金合欢素/单甲醚/芹黄素-7-甲醚 Acacetin/questin/apigenin-7-methylether	10.08±0.73		13.33±0.48			16.56±0.55
12	对香豆酸 p-coumaric acid	13.01±0.58		22.73±0.54			29.52±1.06
13	阿魏酸 Ferulic acid	37.52±2.61		58.41±1.82			47.21±1.77
编号 Code	自由酚类化合物 Free phenolic compounds		白色藜麦籽粒 White quinoa		红色藜麦籽粒 Red quinoa	黑色藜麦籽粒 Black quinoa
14	阿魏酸4-葡萄糖苷 Ferulic acid 4-glucoside		131.97±2.26		151.65±3.17	161.39±0.64
15	异阿魏酸 Isoferulic acid		8.21±0.26		19.44±0.62	12.35±0.49
16	山奈酚3,7-二鼠李糖苷 Kaempferol 3,7-dirhamnoside		20.61±0.94		27.00±1.14	29.41±0.52
17	山奈酚3-半乳糖苷 Kaempferol 3-galactoside		24.01±1.42		28.78±1.77	23.32±0.81
18	槲皮素-3-芸香糖苷 Quercetin-3-rutinoside		57.10±2.76		71.04±1.99	57.63±1.47
19	山奈酚3-葡萄糖苷 Kaempferol 3-glucoside		13.29±1.33		16.42±1.58	24.08±1.69
20	槲皮素3-阿拉伯糖苷 Quercetin 3-arabinoside		24.97±1.19		26.46±1.28	65.79±0.71
21	槲皮素 Quercetin		5.27±0.82		11.82±0.41	12.99±0.11
22	山奈酚 Kaempferol		2.56±0.08		1.18±0.08	1.58±0.07
23	鹰嘴豆芽素 Biochanin A		0.67±0.27		6.44±0.45	2.42±0.79
总酚类指数 Total phenols index (TPI)			466.99±3.27		634.66±5.87	682.05±4.73

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Structure of 20 kinds of triterpenoid saponins[29]"

序号 Code	化合物 Compound	苷元 Aglycone	R^#
1	3β-[(O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基)氧]-23-氧- 齐墩果-12-en-28-油酸 β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷 3β-[(O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy]-23- oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid β-D-glucopyranoside	I	β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
2	3β-[(O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基)氧]-27- 氧-齐墩果-12-en-28-油酸 β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷 3β-[(O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy]-27- oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid β-D-glucopyranoside	II	β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
3	3-O-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基脱氧美商陆酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl serjanic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester	III	α-L-Ara
4	3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸脱氧美商陆酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl serjanic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester	III	β-D-GlcA
序号 Code	化合物 Compound	苷元 Aglycone		R^#
5	3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基脱氧美商陆酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl serjanic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester	III		β-D-Glc(1→2)-β-D- Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
6	3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基脱氧美商陆酸28-O-β-D- 吡喃葡萄糖酯 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosylserjanic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester	III		β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
7	6-{[4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-七乙基-8a-({[3,4,5-三羟基-6-(羟甲基)氧化-2-yl]氧} 羰基)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-icosahydropicen-3- yl]氧}-3,5-二羟基-4-[(3,4,5-三羟基氧烷-2-yl)氧]环氧乙烷-2-羧酸 6-{[4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-8a-({[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2- yl]oxy}carbonyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-icosahydropicen-3-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy]oxane-2-carboxylicacid	IV		β-D-Xyl(1→3)-β-D-GlcA
8	藜麦皂苷7 Quinoa saponin 7	IV		β-D-Glc(1→2)-β-D- Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
9	3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基齐墩果酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucop yranosyl ester	IV		β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
10	竹节参皂苷 IVa Chikusetsusaponin IVa	IV		β-D-GlcA
11	藜麦皂苷4 Quinoa saponin 4	V		β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
12	藜麦皂苷3 Quinoa saponin 3	V		α-L-Ara
13	藜麦皂苷5 Quinoa saponin 5	V		β-D-Glc(1→3)-β-D-Gal
14	藜麦皂苷8 Quinoa saponin 8	V		β-D-Glc(1→2)-β-D- Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
15	3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→4)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→4)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基商陆皂苷酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl phytolaccagenic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester	V		β-D-Glc(1→4)-β-D- Glc(1→4)-β-D-Glc
16	藜麦皂苷2 Quinoa saponin 2	VI		β-D-Glc(1→3)-β-D-Gal
17	常春藤皂苷F Hedera nepalensis saponin F	VI		α-L-Ara
18	藜麦皂苷9 Quinoa saponin 9	VI		β-D-GlcA
19	藜麦皂苷1 Quinoa saponin 1	VI		β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
20	3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基3β,23,30-三羟基烯烃-12-en-28-油酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl 3β,23,30-trihydroxy olean- 12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester	VII		β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara

Table 3

Fig. 1

Table 4

Table 5

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类别 Type		藜麦 Quinoa	苍白茎藜 Ka?iwa	尾穗苋 Kiwicha
可溶性酚酸 Soluble phenolic acids	咖啡酸 Caffeic acid	0.7±0.4	3±2	0.9±0.2
	阿魏酸 Ferulic acid	15±3	23±7	6.9±1.0
	对香豆酸 p-coumaric acid	8±7	1.0±0.5	0.89±0.11
	对羟基苯甲酸 p-OH-benzoic acid	2.9±0.6	1.7±0.2	3.0±0.7
	香草酸 Vanillic acid	11±2	4±2	5.4±1.3
黄酮 Flavonoids	杨梅酮 Myricetin	0.5±0.5	0.04±0.08	Not detected
	槲皮素 Quercetin	36±13	60±30	Not detected
	山奈酚 Kaempferol	20±20	2±3	Not detected
	异鼠李素 Isorhamnetin	0.4±0.7	30±20	Not detected

名称 Name	脂肪 Lipid	蛋白质 Protein	膳食纤维 Dietary fiber	碳水化合物 Carbohydrate
藜麦 Quinoa	6.07	14.12	7.0	64.16
水稻 Rice	0.55	6.81	2.8	81.68
大麦 Barley	1.30	9.91	15.6	77.72
小麦 Wheat	2.47	13.68	10.7	71.13
玉米 Maize	4.74	9.42	7.3	74.26
高粱 Sorghum	3.46	10.62	6.7	72.09
粟 Foxtail millet	3.06	10.29	4.25	69.95

Research Progress on Bioactive Components of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

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