Fig. 1

Phenotypes of the wild type (WT) and tsa2 mutant A, B, C: seedling stage (A), tillering stage (B), and mature stage (C) of the wild type (WT) and tsa2 mutant seedled at a daily average temperature of 22°C; D, E, F: seedling stage (D), tillering stage (E), and mature stage (F) of the wild type (WT) and tsa2 mutant seedled at a daily average temperature of 28°C; G, H, I, J, K, L: corresponding to the leaves in A, B, C, D, E, F, respectively. 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the figures H, I, K, and L represent the first, second, third, and fourth fully expanded leaves from topmost leaf, respectively. A and D, Bar = 2 cm; B and E, Bar = 6 cm; C and F, Bar = 13 cm; G-L, Bar = 0.7 cm."

Fig. 2

Photosynthetic parameters of the wild type (WT) and tsa2 mutant seeded under different field temperature conditions A: net photosynthetic rate (Pn); B: stomatal conductance (Gs); C: intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci); D: transpiration rate (Tr); **: significant difference at P < 0.01 by t-test."

Fig. 3

Agronomic traits of the wild type (WT) and tsa2 mutant seeded under different field temperature conditions A: plant height (cm); B: panicle length (cm); C: tiller number; D: effective panicle number; E: grain number per panicle; F: filled grain number per panicle; G: 1000-grain weight (g); H: seed setting rate (%); *: significant difference at P<0.05 by t-test; **: significant difference at P<0.01 by t-test."

Fig. 4

Phenotype and photosynthetic pigment content of the wild type (WT) and tsa2 mutant seedlings under different temperature conditions A, B, C: twenty-two days old seedings of the wild type (WT) and tsa2 mutant seeded under 22°C (A), 28°C (B), and 32°C (C), respectively; D: photosynthetic pigment contents of the wild type (WT) and tsa2 mutant seedlings seeded under different temperature conditions; **: significant difference at P < 0.01 by t-test. A, B, and C, Bar = 2.5 cm."

Fig. 5

Ultrastructure of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells of the wild type (WT) and tsa2 mutant under different temperature conditions A-D: mesophyll cells structure of the twenty-two days old wild type (WT) (A) and tsa2 mutant (B, C, D) seeded under different temperature conditions; E, F, G, H: magnified map of dashed area in A, B, C, D, respectively; I, J: mesophyll cells structure of twenty-two days old tsa2 mutant seeded under 22°C and transferred to 28°C (I) and 32°C (J) for 10 days, respectively; K, L: mesophyll cells structure of tsa2 mutant seeded under 28°C and transferred to 22°C (K) and 32°C (L) for 10 days, respectively; M, N, O, P: magnified map of dashed area in I, J, K, L, respectively. A-D and I-L, Bar=2 μm; E-H and M-P, Bar=500 nm."

Fig. 6

Expression analysis of genes in photosynthetic pigment metabolism, chloroplast development and photosynthesis of the wild type (WT) and tsa2 mutant leaves **: significant difference at P < 0.01 by t-test."

Table 1

Primers of photosynthetic pigment metabolism, chloroplast development and photosynthesis-related genes used for quantitative real-time PCR"

Table 2

Some polymorphic molecular markers on chromosome 5 in rice"

Fig. 7

Molecular mapping of TSA2 on chromosome 5 in rice n = 285: number of plant in primary mapping; n = 1150: number of plant in fine mapping."

Table 3

Subcellular localization prediction of protein in TSA2 gene mapping interval"

Table 4

Partial annotated genes in TSA2 gene mapping interval"