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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (10): 2012-2027.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02074

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of sowing date on the numbers of branches and spikelets per panicle of machine-transplanted indica hybrid rice at different tiller positions

ZHONG Xiao-Yuan1(), DENG Fei1, CHEN Duo1, TIAN Qing-Lan1,2, ZHAO Min1,3, WANG Li1, TAO You-Feng1, REN Wan-Jun1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Cultivation in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
    2Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
    3Agricultural Bureau, Guang’an, 638550, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2020-11-08 Accepted:2021-01-13 Online:2021-10-12 Published:2021-03-01
  • Contact: REN Wan-Jun E-mail:277455885@qq.com;rwjun@126.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0301702);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD030141-04);Sichuan Breeding Breakthrough Project(2016NYZ0051)

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Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of sowing date on the numbers of branches and spikelets per panicle of machine-transplanted indica hybrid rice on the main stems (MS), primary tillers (PT) and secondary tillers (ST), a split plot field experiment was conducted with five sowing dates by using two indica hybrid rice varieties (F you 498 and Yixiangyou 2115) as materials. The results were as follows: (1) The numbers of spikelets on the primary branches and secondary branches, and the numbers of secondary branches on different tiller positions ranked: MS>PT>ST; the numbers of spikelets on the primary branches and secondary branches, and the numbers of secondary branches on the MS and PT, as well as the whole hill, were increased with delaying sowing date. These contributed to the increase in the numbers of total branches and spikelets per panicle on the MS, PT, and averaged over all panicles in a hill with delaying sowing date. (2) The correlation analysis showed that the numbers of total branches and spikelets per panicle on the MS, PT, and ST were significantly positively correlated with the numbers of total branches and spikelets averaged over all panicles in a hill, and the correlation coefficients ranked: MS>PT>ST. Compared to the ST, the numbers of total branches and spikelets of the MS and PT possessed higher contributions to the numbers of total branches and spikelets averaged over all panicles in a hill. (3) The branches and spikelets traits on the MS, PT, and the averaged over all panicles in a hill of different panicle types were significantly affected by the temperature and sunshine duration at panicle differentiation stage. Most branches and spikelets traits on the MS, PT, and the mean per panicle per hill were significantly positively correlated with the average daily maximum and mean temperatures, and average daily sunshine hours. In conclusion, the numbers of branches and spikelets on the MS, PT, and ST were differed to sowing date, and the using of varieties with large panicle type was helpful to increase the numbers of branches and spikelets of machine-transplanted indica hybrid rice. Furthermore, on the basis of ensuring high numbers of primary tillers, the increase in the numbers of branches and spikelets per panicle was crucial for the early sowing treatment to increase the grain yield of machine-transplanted indica hybrid rice, while the later-sowing treatment could increase the seed-setting rate and grain weight with higher number of spikelets per panicle.

Key words: machine-transplanted rice, sowing date, tiller positions, the number of branches, the number of spikelets

Table 1

Climatic information at panicle differentiation stages in 2014 and 2015"

处理
Treatment		 F优498 F you 498 宜香优2115 Yixiangyou 2115
最高气温
Tmax (℃)		 最低气温
Tmin (℃)		 平均气温
Tmean (℃)		 平均日照时数SHmean (h) 平均降
雨量Rmean
(mm)		 最高气温Tmax (℃) 最低气温
Tmin (℃)		 平均气温
Tmean (℃)		 平均日照时数
SHmean (h)		 平均降
雨量 Rmean (mm)
2014 S1 28.86 20.81 23.96 2.80 5.96 30.09 21.34 24.70 3.60 9.59
S2 30.04 21.49 24.81 3.60 10.11 30.90 21.85 25.43 4.10 14.99
S3 31.10 22.02 25.60 4.30 10.57 31.44 22.14 25.85 4.30 17.34
S4 31.76 22.20 26.07 4.40 16.86 31.86 22.40 26.17 3.90 20.34
S5 31.93 22.27 26.20 4.10 19.21 32.11 22.32 26.32 3.80 16.28
2015 S1 29.90 21.40 24.90 2.40 3.00 30.50 21.60 25.40 3.40 2.93
S2 30.20 21.60 25.30 3.30 3.16 31.50 21.60 26.00 4.60 2.26
S3 31.40 21.60 25.90 4.50 2.21 32.10 21.50 26.30 5.50 2.30
S4 32.20 21.40 26.20 5.60 2.37 32.30 21.40 26.30 6.20 2.67
S5 32.60 21.50 26.40 6.20 2.61 32.50 21.60 26.40 6.60 7.21

Table 2

Combination analysis of variance of branch and spikelet characteristic values of machine-transplanted indica hybrid rice with different sowing dates (P-value)"

变异来源
Variation source		 年份
Year
(Y)		 品种
Variety
(V)		 播期
Sowing date (S)		 年份×品种
Y×V		 年份×播期
Y×S		 播期×品种
S×V		 年份×播期×品种
Y×S×V
主茎
MS		 一次枝梗数 NPB 0.061 0.000** 0.000** 0.283 0.046* 0.000** 0.111
二次枝梗数 NSB 0.278 0.000** 0.014* 0.404 0.981 0.000** 0.937
每穗总枝梗数 NBP 0.217 0.000** 0.009** 0.364 0.958 0.000** 0.942
一次颖花数 NSPB 0.001** 0.000** 0.000** 0.262 0.904 0.000** 0.102
二次颖花数 NSSB 0.580 0.000** 0.036* 0.274 0.990 0.000** 0.851
每穗总颖花数 NSP 0.249 0.000** 0.002** 0.306 0.994 0.000** 0.931
一次分蘖
PT		 一次枝梗数 NPB 0.057 0.000** 0.068 0.112 0.000** 0.000** 0.793
二次枝梗数 NSB 0.000** 0.000** 0.001** 0.038* 0.113 0.000** 0.332
每穗总枝梗数 NBP 0.000** 0.000** 0.002** 0.107 0.029* 0.000** 0.356
一次颖花数 NSPB 0.000** 0.000** 0.000** 0.940 0.809 0.294 0.027*
二次颖花数 NSSB 0.000** 0.000** 0.006** 0.057 0.621 0.000** 0.720
每穗总颖花数 NSP 0.000** 0.000** 0.000** 0.037* 0.450 0.000** 0.784
二次分蘖 ST 一次枝梗数 NPB 0.919 0.173 0.096 0.014* 0.051 0.006** 0.607
二次枝梗数 NSB 0.001** 0.041* 0.002** 0.704 0.158 0.000** 0.070
每穗总枝梗数 NBP 0.003** 0.046* 0.002** 0.471 0.121 0.000** 0.099
一次颖花数 NSPB 0.592 0.003** 0.000** 0.010* 0.095 0.011 0.452
二次颖花数 NSSB 0.000** 0.015* 0.002** 0.479 0.113 0.000** 0.026*
每穗总颖花数 NSP 0.001** 0.006** 0.001** 0.225 0.080 0.000** 0.063
平均Average 一次枝梗数 NPB 0.567 0.000** 0.006** 0.035* 0.000** 0.000** 0.499
二次枝梗数 NSB 0.889 0.000** 0.000** 0.010* 0.162 0.000** 0.567
每穗总枝梗数 NBP 0.954 0.000** 0.000** 0.010* 0.100 0.000** 0.543
一次颖花数 NSPB 0.000** 0.000** 0.000** 0.001** 0.004** 0.000** 0.004**
二次颖花数 NSSB 0.662 0.000** 0.001** 0.010* 0.321 0.000** 0.730
每穗总颖花数 NSP 0.983 0.000** 0.000** 0.003** 0.195 0.000** 0.715

Fig. 1

NPB and NSB of a panicle on the MS, PT, and ST for F you 498 under different sowing dates A: NPB of a panicle in 2014; B: NPB of a panicle in 2015; C: NSB of a panicle in 2014; D: NSB of a panicle in 2015. S1: March 21; S2: March 31; S3: April 10; S4: April 20; S5: April 30; MS: main stems; PT: primary tillers; ST: secondary tillers; Average: the value averaged over all panicles in a hill; NPB: the number of primary branches; NSB: the number of secondary branches. Values within different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 2

NPB and NSB of a panicle on the MS, PT, and ST for Yixiangyou 2115 under different sowing dates A: NPB of a panicle in 2014; B: NPB of a panicle in 2015; C: NSB of a panicle in 2014; D: NSB of a panicle in 2015. S1: March 21; S2: March 31; S3: April 10; S4: April 20; S5: April 30; MS: main stems; PT: primary tillers; ST: secondary tillers; Average: the value averaged over all panicles in a hill; NPB: the number of primary branches; NSB: the number of secondary branches. Values within different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 3

Effects of sowing date on the number of total branches per panicle on the MS, PT, and ST with machine-transplanted indica hybrid rice"

处理
Treatment		 主茎MS 一次分蘖PT 二次分蘖ST 平均Average
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
F优498
F you 498		 S1 61.45 e 62.17 d 56.78 b 49.15 d 25.38 c 25.53 c 50.22 d 45.84 d
S2 64.28 d 63.72 d 55.89 b 54.34 c 34.33 a 38.25 ab 56.17 b 54.05 c
S3 66.89 c 68.22 b 57.16 b 56.24 bc 31.50 ab 39.95 ab 57.46 ab 57.44 b
S4 70.44 b 72.22 b 61.09 a 58.41 b 28.53 bc 31.22 bc 54.08 c 58.37 b
S5 73.50 a 77.50 a 61.67 a 63.30 a 28.39 bc 46.67 a 58.96 a 65.29 a
宜香优2115 Yixiangyou 2115 S1 45.50 c 44.72 d 42.02 c 38.91 d 20.50 c 25.68 a 36.27 c 35.96 c
S2 48.89 b 49.67 c 46.04 b 43.34 c 21.78 bc 24.71 a 41.58 b 39.67 b
S3 51.17 a 51.55 bc 49.35 a 45.35 bc 24.42 abc 22.74 a 45.01 a 41.49 b
S4 52.33 a 54.72 ab 49.15 a 47.39 b 28.47 a 30.19 a 41.93 b 45.80 a
S5 51.89 a 56.94 a 49.81 a 50.27 a 25.42 ab 27.67 a 45.61 a 47.09 a
平均
Average		 S1 53.48 d 53.45 e 49.40 d 44.03 e 22.94 b 25.73 b 43.25 c 40.90 e
S2 56.59 c 56.70 d 50.97 c 48.84 d 28.06 a 31.48 ab 48.88 b 46.86 d
S3 59.03 b 60.03 c 53.26 b 50.80 c 27.96 a 31.35 ab 51.24 a 49.47 c
S4 61.39 a 63.47 b 55.41 a 52.90 b 28.50 a 30.71 ab 48.01 b 52.09 b
S5 62.69 a 67.22 a 55.45 a 56.79 a 26.90 a 37.17 a 52.28 a 56.19 a
F优498
F you 498		 67.31 a 68.82 a 58.52 a 56.29 a 29.63 a 36.32 a 55.38 a 56.20 a
宜香优2115
Yixiangyou 2115		 49.96 b 51.52 b 47.27 b 45.06 b 24.12 b 26.25 b 42.08 b 42.00 b

Fig. 3

NSPB and NSSB of a panicle on the MS, PT, and ST for F you 498 under different sowing dates A: NSPB of a panicle in 2014; B: NSPB of a panicle in 2015; C: NSSB of a panicle in 2014; D: NSSB of a panicle in 2015. S1: March 21; S2: March 31; S3: April 10; S4: April 20; S5: April 30; MS: main stems; PT: primary tillers; ST: secondary tillers; Average: the value averaged over all panicles in a hill; NSPB: the number of spikelets on the primary branches; NSSB: the number of spikelets on the secondary branches. Values within different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 4

NSPB and NSSB of a panicle on the MS, PT, and ST for Yixiangyou 2115 under different sowing dates A: NSPB of a panicle in 2014; B: NSPB of a panicle in 2015; C: NSSB of a panicle in 2014; D: NSSB of a panicle in 2015. S1: March 21; S2: March 31; S3: April 10; S4: April 20; S5: April 30; MS: main stems; PT: primary tillers; ST: secondary tillers; Average: the value averaged over all panicles in a hill; NSPB: the number of spikelets on the primary branches; NSSB: the number of spikelets on the secondary branches. Values within different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 4

Effect of sowing date on the numbers of total spikelets per panicle on the MS, PT, and ST with machine-transplanted indica hybrid rice"

处理
Treatment		 主茎MS 一次分蘖PT 二次分蘖ST 平均Average
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
F优498
F you 498		 S1 242.22 e 246.50 c 223.08 e 196.64 d 95.92 c 90.96 c 196.51 e 180.18 e
S2 263.56 d 260.83 c 230.83 d 217.26 c 125.17 a 148.75 ab 230.24 c 216.80 d
S3 286.55 c 293.45 b 240.43 c 230.85 b 109.00 bc 145.83 b 241.01 b 236.79 c
S4 297.33 b 318.39 a 251.92 b 240.84 b 111.42 b 129.04 bc 221.60 d 245.66 b
S5 319.39 a 327.39 a 260.19 a 266.22 a 116.76 ab 191.50 a 251.99 a 274.54 a
宜香优2115 Yixiangyou 2115 S1 186.00 c 178.39 d 171.19 d 155.75 d 86.37 b 102.38 a 148.79 d 143.34 d
S2 193.39 bc 200.28 c 184.96 c 173.62 c 91.58 b 99.18 a 167.20 c 159.14 c
S3 202.56 b 214.33 bc 193.04 b 184.63 b 98.82 ab 91.76 a 177.24 b 169.72 b
S4 213.83 a 219.61 ab 197.96 ab 192.96 b 108.61 a 120.33 a 167.27 c 185.33 a
S5 220.56 a 233.84 a 204.36 a 205.48 a 97.30 ab 106.17 a 187.51 a 191.39 a
平均
Average		 S1 214.11 e 212.44 d 197.13 e 176.20 e 91.15 b 96.67 b 172.65 d 161.76 e
S2 228.47 d 230.56 c 207.90 d 195.44 d 108.37 a 123.96 ab 198.72 c 187.97 d
S3 244.56 c 253.89 b 216.73 c 207.74 c 103.91 a 118.80 ab 209.13 b 203.25 c
S4 255.58 b 269.00 a 224.94 b 216.90 b 110.02 a 124.69 ab 194.44 c 215.50 b
S5 269.97 a 280.61 a 232.27 a 235.80 a 107.03 a 148.83 a 219.75 a 232.97 a
F优498
F you 498		 281.81 a 289.31 a 241.29 a 230.36 a 111.65 a 141.22 a 228.27 a 230.79 a
宜香优2115
Yixiangyou 2115		 203.28 b 209.29 b 190.30 b 182.49 b 96.54 b 103.96 b 169.60 b 169.78 b

Table 5

Contributions of the numbers of total branches and spikelets per panicle on the MS, PT, and ST to the numbers of branches and spikelets averaged over all panicles in a hill"

茎蘖部位
Tiller position		 相关系数 Correlation coefficient 通径系数Path coefficient 贡献率
Contribution
rate
直接作用Direct effect 间接作用Indirect effect
总和Total MS→Y PT→Y ST→Y
每穗总枝梗数NBP
主茎MS 0.951** 0.436 0.515 0.399 0.117 0.414
一次分蘖PT 0.945** 0.429 0.516 0.405 0.111 0.403
二次分蘖ST 0.705** 0.192 0.512 0.265 0.248 0.135
每穗总颖花数NSP
主茎MS 0.954** 0.420 0.534 0.447 0.0869 0.399
一次分蘖PT 0.954** 0.478 0.478 0.393 0.0836 0.454
二次分蘖ST 0.651** 0.154 0.498 0.238 0.260 0.100

Table 6

Correlations of branches and spikelets characteristics on the MS, PT and ST with the grain yield and yield compoments 1)"

枝梗及颖花性状
BSC		 单位面积有效穗数
EPPUA		 每穗颖花数
NSP-1		 单位面积颖花数
NSPUA		 结实率
SP		 千粒重
TGW		 实际产量
GY
主茎
MS		 一次枝梗数 NPB -0.564** 0.620** 0.469* -0.357 -0.507* -0.140
二次枝梗数 NSB -0.580** 0.903** 0.821** -0.421 -0.921** -0.015
每穗总枝梗数 NBP -0.589** 0.901** 0.813** -0.424 -0.911** -0.023
一次颖花数 NSPB -0.182 -0.276 -0.472* -0.650** 0.349 -0.748**
二次颖花数 NSSB -0.571** 0.918** 0.842** -0.413 -0.931** 0.016
每穗总颖花数 NSP -0.594** 0.885** 0.784** -0.494* -0.889** -0.076
一次分蘖
PT		 一次枝梗数 NPB -0.622** 0.716** 0.574** -0.257 -0.605** 0.018
二次枝梗数 NSB -0.694** 0.869** 0.716** -0.441 -0.861** -0.116
每穗总枝梗数 NBP -0.698** 0.868** 0.714** -0.432 -0.851** -0.106
一次颖花数 NSPB -0.456* 0.037 -0.217 -0.794** 0.057 -0.750**
二次颖花数 NSSB -0.670** 0.898** 0.762** -0.399 -0.889** -0.071
每穗总颖花数 NSP -0.702** 0.870** 0.708** -0.482* -0.850** -0.161
二次分蘖
ST		 一次枝梗数 NPB -0.722** 0.713** 0.478* -0.213 -0.558** -0.130
二次枝梗数 NSB -0.435* 0.622** 0.519* -0.292 -0.595** -0.110
每穗总枝梗数 NBP -0.479* 0.646** 0.524* -0.288 -0.603** -0.115
一次颖花数 NSPB -0.658** 0.575** 0.326 -0.544* -0.376 -0.277
二次颖花数 NSSB -0.393 0.552** 0.455* -0.286 -0.547* -0.127
每穗总颖花数 NSP -0.475* 0.594** 0.458* -0.359 -0.548* -0.167
平均
Average		 一次枝梗数 NPB -0.779** 0.841** 0.631** -0.383 -0.691** -0.103
二次枝梗数 NSB -0.683** 0.909** 0.763** -0.462* -0.877** -0.112
每穗总枝梗数 NBP -0.697** 0.911** 0.758** -0.459* -0.868** -0.112
一次颖花数 NSPB -0.550** 0.202 -0.071 -0.824** -0.102 -0.720**
二次颖花数 NSSB -0.665** 0.927** 0.793** -0.433* -0.895** -0.075
每穗总颖花数 NSP -0.697** 0.901** 0.740** -0.506* -0.854** -0.155

Table 7

Correlations of branch and spikelet characteristics on the MS, PT, and ST with the climatic factors during the panicle differentiation period"

枝梗及颖花性状
BSC		 F优498 F you 498 宜香优2115 Yixiangyou 2115
最高气温Tmax 最低气温Tmin 平均气温Tmean 平均日照时数
SHmean		 日平均
降雨
Rmean		 最高气温Tmax 最低气温Tmin 平均气温
Tmean		 平均日照时数SHmean 日平均
降雨
Rmean
主茎
MS


一次枝梗数 NPB 0.726* 0.141 0.666* 0.751** 0.009 0.420 -0.133 0.383 0.652* -0.114
二次枝梗数 NSB 0.961** 0.489 0.912** 0.901** 0.209 0.944** 0.213 0.858** 0.773** 0.096
每穗枝梗数 NBP 0.953** 0.462 0.902** 0.901** 0.192 0.940** 0.182 0.855** 0.811** 0.074
一次颖花数 NSPB 0.942** 0.590 0.949** 0.815** 0.234 0.930** 0.167 0.928** 0.653* -0.144
一次颖花数 NSPB 0.942** 0.590 0.949** 0.815** 0.234 0.930** 0.167 0.928** 0.653* -0.144
二次颖花数 NSSB 0.966** 0.500 0.916** 0.916** 0.211 0.920** 0.222 0.817** 0.733* 0.142
每穗颖花数 NSP 0.974** 0.526 0.935** 0.907** 0.219 0.952** 0.217 0.869** 0.739** 0.083
一次
分蘖
PT




一次枝梗数 NPB 0.467 0.258 0.425 0.555 0.337 0.407 0.486 0.414 0.229 0.431
二次枝梗数 NSB 0.720* 0.412 0.640* 0.768** 0.443 0.769** 0.562 0.679* 0.436 0.553
每穗枝梗数 NBP 0.708* 0.404 0.631* 0.760** 0.439 0.760** 0.582 0.679* 0.429 0.566
一次颖花数 NSPB 0.953** 0.490 0.948** 0.871** 0.106 0.929** 0.410 0.866** 0.599 0.259
二次颖花数 NSSB 0.692* 0.490 0.610* 0.722* 0.542 0.750** 0.534 0.649* 0.437 0.550
每穗颖花数 NSP 0.790** 0.518 0.720* 0.797** 0.476 0.794** 0.518 0.698* 0.473 0.503
二次
分蘖
ST




一次枝梗数 NPB 0.266 -0.127 0.225 0.558 -0.298 0.499 0.095 0.379 0.546 0.239
二次枝梗数 NSB 0.471 0.017 0.480 0.612* -0.440 0.613* 0.185 0.646* 0.412 -0.087
每穗枝梗数 NBP 0.454 0.001 0.458 0.619* -0.431 0.649* 0.190 0.669* 0.458 -0.060
一次颖花数 NSPB 0.643* 0.173 0.620* 0.813** -0.136 0.101 -0.182 -0.040 0.390 0.090
二次颖花数 NSSB 0.487 -0.032 0.482 0.614* -0.406 0.592 0.107 0.630* 0.440 -0.166
每穗颖花数 NSP 0.563 0.013 0.553 0.711* -0.376 0.574 0.061 0.580 0.495 -0.136
平均 Average





一次枝梗数 NPB 0.613* 0.113 0.554 0.830** -0.051 0.516 0.238 0.465 0.498 0.248
二次枝梗数 NSB 0.797** 0.344 0.742** 0.892** 0.077 0.867** 0.357 0.790** 0.635* 0.261
每穗枝梗数 NBP 0.787** 0.325 0.730* 0.894** 0.066 0.852** 0.354 0.776** 0.641* 0.269
一次颖花数 NSPB 0.908** 0.443 0.900** 0.879** 0.060 0.938** 0.206 0.862** 0.706* 0.044
二次颖花数 NSSB 0.782** 0.382 0.720* 0.864** 0.153 0.845** 0.319 0.754** 0.638* 0.253
每穗颖花数 NSP 0.829** 0.404 0.776** 0.893** 0.137 0.864** 0.299 0.773** 0.660* 0.224
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