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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 886-896.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00886

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

覆膜栽培对旱地小麦籽粒产量及硫含量的影响

罗来超1,王朝辉1,2,*(),惠晓丽1,张翔1,马清霞1,包明1,赵岳1,黄明1,王森1   

  1. 1 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院 / 农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
    2 西北农林科技大学 / 旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2017-09-05 接受日期:2018-03-20 出版日期:2018-06-12 网络出版日期:2018-04-08
  • 通讯作者: 王朝辉
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项()(201303104);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资助(CARS-3)

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Grain Yield and Sulfur Concentration of Winter Wheat in Dryland of Loess Plateau

Lai-Chao LUO1,Zhao-Hui WANG1,2,*(),Xiao-Li HUI1,Xiang ZHANG1,Qing-Xia MA1,Ming BAO1,Yue ZHAO1,Ming HUANG1,Sen WANG1   

  1. 1 College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University / Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
    2 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas / Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2017-09-05 Accepted:2018-03-20 Published:2018-06-12 Published online:2018-04-08
  • Contact: Zhao-Hui WANG
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201303104)(201303104);the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-3)

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摘要：

研究并明确旱地覆膜栽培对冬小麦籽粒产量、硫吸收累积和转运及籽粒硫含量的影响, 调控作物硫营养, 提高籽粒硫含量和营养品质, 对旱地小麦高产优质栽培有重要意义。2014—2015和2015—2016两年在西北三省七点进行田间试验, 比较不覆膜(传统平作栽培)和覆膜(垄覆沟播或全膜覆土穴播)栽培模式的小麦生物量、产量、产量构成, 以及籽粒硫含量和硫吸收利用。与不覆膜相比, 覆膜栽培提高了小麦穗数, 使籽粒产量提高13.7%, 但籽粒硫含量却降低9.0%。覆膜栽培能提高旱地小麦开花期地上部硫累积量, 茎叶、穗和地上部硫累积总量分别提高19.9%、16.1%和19.2%, 并使花后硫转运量和转运率提高36.2%和17.9%, 但开花期土壤有效硫却因覆膜降低24.5%, 花后硫吸收也降低77.9%, 结果使成熟期地上部硫累积总量和硫收获指数未因覆膜而增加。籽粒硫吸收量没能随产量同步提高, 致使籽粒硫含量因籽粒产量增加引起的稀释效应而降低。因此, 在西北旱地小麦覆膜栽培中要注意加强土壤硫的补充, 改善旱地小麦籽粒硫营养, 提高小麦的营养和加工品质。

关键词: 旱地, 地表覆盖, 硫素吸收, 硫素累积, 硫素转运与分配, 籽粒品质

Abstract:

Plastic film mulching is popular in dryland wheat production in China and important to understand to effects on grain yield, sulfur (S) accumulation and remobilization, and grain S concentration in high-yield and nutritional-quality wheat production. In the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons, we carried out field experiments in seven locations of three provinces in Northwest China to compare the biomass, grain yield, yield components, grain S concentration, and S uptake and distribution of winter wheat between conventional flat cropping pattern (no mulching) and the ridge mulch with furrow seeding or flat mulching cropping pattern (plastic film mulching). Compared with no mulching pattern, the plastic film mulching pattern showed 13.7% increase of grain yield through higher spike number, but 9.0% decrease of grain S concentration. The S accumulation in stem and leaf, ear, and aboveground plant parts at anthesis increased by 19.9%, 16.1%, and 19.2%, respectively, in plastic film mulching pattern than in no mulching pattern; however, the S remobilization amount and efficiency increased by 36.2% and 17.9%, respectively, during grain filling. Under plastic film mulching pattern, soil available S at anthesis stage decreased by 24.5%, and the S uptake during grain filling greatly declined by 77.9%. As a result, no significant increases in S accumulation of aboveground plant parts at maturity and S harvest index. The grain S concentration decreased owing to the increased grain yield. Therefore, under plastic film mulching pattern in Northwest China, additional S fertilizer should be applied for improving S nutrition and processing quality in dryland wheat.

Key words: dryland, soil surface management, sulfur uptake, sulfur accumulation, sulfur remobilization and distribution, grain quality

图1

各试验点全年降雨量在夏闲期和小麦生育期的分布 试验共7个试验点,分别是山西省(SX)的桐城(TC)和刘家垣(LJY), 陕西省(SAX)的御驾宫(YJG)和丁家(DJ),甘肃省(GS)的永清(YQ)、常河(CH)和平襄(PX)。A: 2014-2015冬小麦生长季;B: 2015-2016冬小麦生长季。"

表1

各试验点冬小麦播前耕层0~20 cm土壤基础肥力"

试验点
Location		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 硝态氮
NO3--N
(mg kg-1)		 铵态氮
NH4+-N
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 有效硫
Available S
(mg kg-1)		 pH
(2.5:1.0)
山西桐城 SX-TC 7.8 0.84 11.5 1.1 17.6 160.0 46.65 8.1
山西刘家垣 SX-LJY 10.8 0.80 22.6 0.4 10.7 202.4 36.68 7.9
陕西御驾宫 SAX-YJG 10.2 0.75 3.5 0.3 13.4 83.9 20.01 8.5
陕西丁家 SAX-DJ 8.5 0.77 13.1 2.6 4.5 130.0 9.89 8.2
甘肃永清 GS-YQ 7.9 0.90 16.8 0.8 12.0 102.2 2.14 8.4
甘肃常河 GS-CH 6.1 0.95 12.2 0.5 11.3 122.7 2.54 8.6
甘肃平襄 GS-PX 7.7 0.93 5.5 0.3 12.5 117.3 2.99 8.7

图2

覆膜栽培对小麦籽粒硫含量的影响 盒内黑色实线和红色虚线分别表示中位数和平均数; 盒子的上、下边缘线分别表示数据集的75%和25%分位数; 上、下T形棒分别表示95%和5%分位数; “?”代表小于5%或大于95%分位数的数据; “*”表示同一地点覆膜与不覆膜2种栽培模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图3

覆膜栽培对小麦产量、生物量和收获指数的影响 盒内黑色实线和红色虚线分别表示中位数和平均数; 盒子的上、下边缘线分别表示数据集的75%和25%分位数; 上、下T形棒分别表示95%和5%分位数; “?”代表小于5%或大于95%分位数的数据; “*”表示同一地点覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图4

覆膜栽培对小麦穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的影响 盒内黑色实线和红色虚线分别表示中位数和平均数; 盒子的上、下边缘线分别表示数据集的75%和25%分位数; 上、下T形棒分别表示95%和5%分位数; “?”代表小于5%或大于95%分位数的数据; “*”表示同一地点覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图5

覆膜栽培对冬小麦开花期0~20 cm土壤有效硫含量的影响 盒内黑色实线和红色虚线分别表示中位数和平均数; 盒子的上、下边缘线分别表示数据集的75%和25%分位数; 上、下T形棒分别表示95%和5%分位数; “?”代表小于5%或大于95%分位数的数据; “*”表示同一地点覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图6

覆膜栽培对冬小麦开花期茎叶、穗和地上部硫累积量的影响 盒内黑色实线和红色虚线分别表示中位数和平均数; 盒子的上、下边缘线分别表示数据集的75%和25%分位数; 上、下T形棒分别表示95%和5%分位数;“?”代表小于5%或大于95%分位数的数据; “*”表示同一地点覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图7

覆膜栽培对冬小麦成熟期茎叶、颖壳、籽粒和地上部硫累积量及硫收获指数的影响 盒内黑色实线和红色虚线分别表示中位数和平均数; 盒子的上、下边缘线分别表示数据集的75%和25%分位数; 上、下T形棒分别表示95%和5%分位数; “?”代表小于5%或大于95%分位数的数据; “*”表示同一地点覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图8

覆膜栽培对冬小麦硫转运量、转运率和花后硫吸收的影响 盒内黑色实线和红色虚线分别表示中位数和平均数; 盒子的上、下边缘线分别表示数据集的75%和25%分位数; 上、下T形棒分别表示95%和5%分位数; “?”代表小于5%或大于95%分位数的数据; “*”表示同一地点覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培模式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

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