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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 755-763.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.84084

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

甘薯块根形成和膨大对土壤紧实度的响应机制及与产量的关系

史文卿1,张彬彬1,柳洪鹃1,赵庆鑫2,史春余1,*(),王新建1,司成成1   

  1. 1山东农业大学农学院 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
    2山东省农业技术推广总站, 山东济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2018-06-20 接受日期:2018-12-24 出版日期:2019-05-12 发布日期:2019-02-01
  • 通讯作者: 史春余 E-mail:scyu@sdau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31371577);山东省薯类产业创新团队首席专家项目(SDAIT-16-01)

Response mechanism of sweet potato storage root formation and bulking to soil compaction and its relationship with yield

Wen-Qing SHI1,Bin-Bin ZHANG1,Hong-Juan LIU1,Qing-Xin ZHAO2,Chun-Yu SHI1,*(),Xin-Jian WANG1,Cheng-Cheng SI1   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;
    2 Shandong Province Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
  • Received:2018-06-20 Accepted:2018-12-24 Online:2019-05-12 Published:2019-02-01
  • Contact: Chun-Yu SHI E-mail:scyu@sdau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371577);the Potato Innovation Program for Chief Expert of Shandong Province(SDAIT-16-01)

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摘要：

为探讨甘薯块根形成和膨大对土壤紧实度的响应机制及与产量的关系, 以源库特征差异显著的食用型甘薯品种“北京553”和“龙薯9号”为试验材料, 设置不同的土壤紧实度处理, 研究土壤紧实度调控甘薯块根产量的生理生态原因。结果表明, 降低土壤紧实度, 全生育期耕作层土壤的非毛管孔隙度显著提高。在块根形成期(20~40 d), 随土壤紧实度降低, 耕作层土壤的最高温度提高、最低温度降低, 温度日较差显著提高。在甘薯块根膨大期(45~165 d), 与对照相比, 疏松处理可以提高块根中蔗糖合酶(SS)和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPPase)活性, 增加淀粉含量; 提高块根中干物质积累初始势、干物质积累速率和功能叶 13C同化物在块根中的分配比例。在收获时, 疏松处理显著提高单薯重和收获指数, 北京553和龙薯9号分别增产20.01%~24.25%和21.64%~27.78%。

关键词: 甘薯, 土壤紧实度, 块根形成, 块根膨大, 产量

Abstract:

Field experiments were performed using two sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)].cultivars (‘Beijing 553’ and ‘Longshu 9’) with significant differences in source sink characteristics. The physiological and ecological mechanisms of regulation of soil compaction on storage root yield were studied under different soil compaction treatments. The non-capillary porosity of plough horizon increased significantly during the whole growth period with the decrease of soil compactness. During storage root formation (20-40 d), the minimum temperature was significantly decreased, the maximum temperature and diurnal temperature range of plough layer were significantly increased with the decrease of soil compactness. Compared with the control, the loose treatment could increase the activities of sucrose synthase (SS) and adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPPase) in storage roots, also the starch content, the initial dry matter accumulation potential, dry matter accumulation rate and the distribution ratio of 13C assimilates from functional leaf to storage root. At harvest period the average weight per storage root and harvest index were significantly increased in the loose treatment, Beijing 553 and Longshu 9 increased production by 20.01% to 24.25% and 21.64% to 27.78%, respectively.

Key words: sweet potato, soil compaction, root formation, tuberous thickening, yield

表1

主要生长时期土壤物理性状"

年份
Year		 栽后天数
Days after planting
(d)		 处理
Treatment		 土层深度
Depth of
soil layer
(cm)		 土壤紧实度
Soil compaction
(kPa)		 容重
Bulk density
(g cm-3)		 总孔隙度
Bulk porosity
(%)		 毛管孔隙度
Capillary
porosity
(%)		 非毛管孔隙度Non-capillary
porosity
(%)
2014 0 SS 5-10 251.33 e 1.25 c 52.29 a 32.71 c 19.58 a
15-20 264.22 de 1.28 bc 51.46 a 34.31 bc 17.15 b
CK 5-10 384.00 c 1.30 bc 50.89 ab 38.13 ab 12.76 d
15-20 405.44 c 1.31 bc 50.67 ab 38.68 ab 11.99 d
JS 5-10 833.22 b 1.40 a 47.49 b 39.04 ab 8.45 g
15-20 1085.00 a 1.42 a 46.66 b 39.69 a 6.97 h
160 SS 5-10 267.93 de 1.26 c 52.07 a 35.71 bc 16.36 b
15-20 287.86 d 1.29 bc 51.16 a 36.37 b 14.79 c
CK 5-10 403.33 c 1.32 ab 50.50 ab 39.52 ab 10.98 e
15-20 432.11 c 1.33 ab 50.01 ab 40.68 a 9.33 f
JS 5-10 865.56 b 1.42 a 46.82 b 41.40 a 5.42 i
15-20 1125.00 a 1.43 a 46.41 b 41.69 a 4.72 j
2015 0 SS 5-10 261.00 d 1.25 c 51.17 ab 30.98 c 20.19 a
15-20 271.47 d 1.27 bc 51.68 ab 32.49 c 19.19 a
CK 5-10 402.17 c 1.25 c 52.83 a 34.68 bc 18.15 b
15-20 416.40 c 1.30 b 51.90 a 36.96 ab 14.94 c
JS 5-10 876.28 b 1.39 ab 47.11 b 37.64 ab 9.47 e
15-20 1130.00 a 1.43 a 47.21 b 38.23 ab 8.99 e
160 SS 5-10 277.72 d 1.26 c 51.40 ab 34.98 bc 16.42 c
15-20 289.67 d 1.28 bc 51.87 a 36.15 b 15.71 c
CK 5-10 421.56 c 1.27 bc 51.98 a 36.43 b 15.56 c
15-20 430.07 c 1.31 b 50.99 ab 39.96 a 11.03 d
JS 5-10 901.83 b 1.42 ab 46.99 b 39.39 a 7.60 f
15-20 1190.44 a 1.44 a 47.17 b 39.73 a 7.45 f

表2

土壤紧实度对甘薯生长前期耕作层土壤温度的影响"

年份
Year		 土层深度
Depth of
soil layer
(cm)		 处理
Treatment		 栽后20 d 20 days after planting 栽后30 d 30 days after planting 栽后40 d 40 days after planting
最高
温度
MAT		 最低
温度
MIT		 日较差
DTR		 最高
温度
MAT		 最低
温度
MIT		 日较差
DTR		 最高
温度
MAT		 最低
温度
MIT		 日较差
DTR
2014 10 SS 34.3 a 17.8 b 16.5 a 39.8 a 19.8 a 20.0 a 33.4 a 25.2 a 8.2 a
CK 34.1 a 18.8 b 15.3 a 37.9 a 20.6 a 17.3 a 32.9 a 25.4 a 7.5 a
JS 33.0 a 19.9 a 13.1 b 34.5 b 21.1 a 13.4 b 33.3 a 25.7 a 7.6 a
20 SS 28.8 a 18.8 b 10.0 a 31.6 a 21.6 b 11.0 a 30.9 a 25.9 a 5.0 a
CK 28.0 a 19.9 ab 8.1 b 30.8 a 22.1 ab 8.7 b 30.9 a 26.1 a 4.8 a
JS 26.9 a 21.0 a 5.9 c 27.7 a 22.9 a 4.8 c 30.2 a 26.5 a 3.7 b
2015 10 SS 35.3 a 17.4 b 17.9 a 39.0 a 19.4 a 19.7 a 34.3 a 24.4 a 9.9 a
CK 34.8 a 18.4 ab 16.4 b 38.0 ab 19.9 a 18.2 a 33.0 a 24.7 a 8.3 b
JS 33.5 a 19.2 a 14.3 c 35.5 b 21.4 a 14.1 b 34.3 a 25.5 a 8.8 b
20 SS 29.5 a 20.5 b 9.0 a 31.3 a 21.5 b 9.8 a 30.0 a 26.6 a 3.5 a
CK 28.8 a 22.1 ab 6.7 b 30.5 a 23.1 ab 7.5 b 30.0 a 26.5 a 3.5 a
JS 27.5 a 23.3 a 4.25 c 29.5 a 24.3 a 5.3 c 30.5 a 27.1 a 3.5 a

表3

块根产量及收获指数"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 块根产量
Root tuber yield
(t hm-2)		 生物产量
Biomass
(t hm-2)		 单株结薯数
Storage root
(lump plant-1)		 单薯重
Fresh weight
(g lump-1)		 收获指数
Harvest
index
2014 北京553
Beijing 553		 SS 36.22 a 58.24 a 2.65 a 284.70 a 0.62 a
CK 29.15 b 56.72 a 2.53 a 238.30 b 0.51 b
JS 18.62 c 46.86 b 2.11 b 173.35 c 0.40 c
龙薯9号
Longshu 9		 SS 53.95 a 73.54 a 2.99 a 360.69 a 0.73 a
CK 42.22 b 71.82 a 2.83 a 308.24 b 0.59 b
JS 20.17 c 54.60 b 2.39 b 175.50 c 0.37 c
2015 北京553
Beijing 553		 SS 38.98 a 65.42 a 2.68 a 302.43 a 0.60 a
CK 32.48 b 65.25 a 2.66 a 254.77 b 0.50 b
JS 21.60 c 57.77 b 2.29 b 196.72 c 0.37 c
龙薯9号
Longshu 9		 SS 57.90 a 85.62 a 2.97 a 406.31 a 0.68 a
CK 47.60 b 83.52 a 3.07 a 322.50 b 0.57 b
JS 19.75 c 41.64 b 2.77 b 148.38 c 0.47 c

表4

块根干物质积累特征参数(2015年)"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 a b k R2 C0 Vmean Vmax Xmax.V D
北京553
Beijing 553		 SS 8.21 0.07 277.63 0.93 0.08 1.93 5.01 113.63 144.04
CK 8.68 0.07 236.18 0.94 0.04 1.58 4.30 119.11 149.27
JS 8.56 0.08 132.49 0.95 0.03 0.94 2.53 122.21 141.02
龙薯9号
Longshu 9		 SS 5.41 0.05 333.91 0.94 1.49 2.24 4.26 105.94 148.96
CK 5.36 0.05 281.57 0.91 1.32 1.76 3.32 113.62 160.18
JS 5.35 0.04 147.78 0.90 0.70 0.81 1.54 128.66 181.45

表5

栽秧后100 d功能叶13C同化物在不同器官的分配比例(2015年)"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 标记部位
Labeled part		 上部
Upper part		 下部
Lower part		 侧枝
Branch		 块根
Storage root
北京553
Beijing 553		 SS 0.87 c 0.90 c 4.05 c 35.21 c 58.98 a
CK 1.24 b 1.03 b 5.58 b 50.05 b 42.11 b
JS 2.80 a 2.69 a 8.45 a 61.11 a 24.97 c
龙薯9号
Longshu 9		 SS 0.71 c 1.10 b 3.16 b 22.02 c 73.02 a
CK 1.03 b 0.69 c 2.22 c 29.12 b 66.93 b
JS 3.76 a 3.06 a 8.16 a 37.29 a 47.74 c

表6

主要生长时期块根中可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量(2015年)"

品种
Variety		 栽后天数
Days after planting (d)		 处理
Treatment		 可溶性糖
Soluble sugar		 蔗糖
Sucrose		 淀粉
Starch
北京553
Beijing 553		 65 SS 10.23 a 9.61 a 62.28 a
CK 10.59 a 10.07 a 54.84 b
JS 10.85 a 10.19 a 52.86 b
105 SS 6.58 b 5.68 b 67.96 a
CK 8.59 a 7.57 a 65.69 ab
JS 8.63 a 8.37 a 62.47 b
145 SS 8.80 c 11.89 c 74.06 a
CK 9.88 b 13.77 b 70.38 a
JS 10.69 a 15.17 a 63.95 b
龙薯9号
Longshu 9		 65 SS 11.86 b 9.83 b 59.26 a
CK 12.46 b 10.28 b 57.80 a
JS 15.85 a 13.06 a 54.26 a
105 SS 12.76 b 8.16 c 62.86 a
CK 13.34 ab 9.88 b 58.52 ab
JS 14.00 a 13.66 a 53.92 b
145 SS 16.53 a 9.79 c 67.40 a
CK 16.97 a 11.04 b 59.53 b
JS 17.07 a 12.10 a 56.01 b

图1

主要生长时期甘薯块根中蔗糖合酶(SS)活性(2015年) 标以不同字母的值在处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。缩写同表1。"

图2

主要生长时期块根中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性(2015年) 标以不同字母的值在处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。缩写同表1。"

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