转型期作物生产发展的机遇与挑战

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00791

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国作物生产正处于由传统手工劳动为主的小规模生产向机械化、集约化、信息化程度高的适度规模化生产过渡的转型期。在此期间, 作物生产发展的重要目标是实现单位耕地生产率与人均劳动生产率的同步提高。近年来, 中国作物生产能力的稳步提高、生产方式的重大转变以及工业经济的迅速发展为转型期作物生产发展创造了新的机遇, 但同时也带来了新的挑战, 涉及多熟制作物生育期缩短、大田生产用种量增加和杂种优势利用价值下降等方面。针对上述挑战, 笔者从发展密植高光效栽培、提高杂交作物种子质量以及加强育种与栽培协同攻关等方面展望了转型期作物生产的研究方向。

关键词: 作物生产, 种植方式, 生育期, 种子用量, 杂种优势, 密植, 种子质量

Abstract:

China’s crop production goes in to a transition period from the small household mode mainly with traditional manual works to the moderately large-scale mode with high degrees of mechanization, intensification and informatization. The important goal of crop production during this period is to simultaneously enhance productivity per unit land area and per capita. In recent years, steadily increased crop production capacity, significant change in crop production patterns and rapid development of industrial economy have created new opportunities for China’s crop production during the transition period. But at the same time, new challenges have also been raised, including shortened crop growth duration in multiple cropping systems, increased seed rate per unit land area and decreased values of heterosis. Aiming these challenges, we proposed that crop production researches should be focused on developing high light-efficiency cultivation technologies through dense planting, improving seed quality of hybrid crops and strengthening collaboration between breeders and agronomists during the transition period.

Key words: crop production, planting method, growth duration, seed rate, heterosis, dense planting, seed quality

邹应斌,黄敏. 转型期作物生产发展的机遇与挑战[J]. 作物学报, 2018, 44(6): 791-795.

Ying-Bin ZOU,Min HUANG. Opportunities and Challenges for Crop Production in China during the Transition Period[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2018, 44(6): 791-795.

图/表 2

表1

表2

参考文献 21

[1]	Fan M, Shen J, Yuan L, Jiang R, Chen X, Davies W J, Zhang F . Improving crop productivity and resource use efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality in China. J Exp Bot, 2012,63:13-24 doi: 10.1093/jxb/err248 pmid: 21963614
[2]	彭少兵 . 对转型时期水稻生产的战略思考. 中国科学: 生命科学, 2014,44:845-850
	Peng S B . Refection on China’s rice production strategies during the transition period. Sci Sin Vitae, 2014,44:845-850 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[3]	翟治芬, 周新群, 张建华, 徐哲 . 王丽丽. 发达国家农业科技化发展的经验与启示. 世界农业, 2015, ( 10):149-153
	Zhai Z F, Zhou X Q, Zhang J H, Xu Z, Wang L L . Experience and enlightenment of agricultural technology development in developed countries. World Agric, 2015, ( 10):149-153 (in Chinese)
[4]	邹应斌 . 长江流域双季稻栽培技术发展. 中国农业科学, 2011,44:254-262
	Zou Y B . Development of cultivation technology for double cropping rice along the Changjiang River Valley. Sci Agric Sin, 2011,44:254-262 (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	杨果, 张英鹏, 魏建林, 高弼模, 李彦, 董晓霞 . 长期施用化肥对山东三大土类土壤物理性质的影响. 中国农学通报, 2007,23(12):244-250 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2007.12.054
	Yang G, Zhang Y P, Wei J L, Gao B M, Li Y, Dong X X . Effects of long-term chemical fertilization on soil physical properties of three soils in Shandong province. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2007,23(12):244-250 (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2007.12.054
[6]	Gong W, Yan Y, Wang J, Hu T, Gong Y . Long-term manure and fertilizer effects on soil organic matter fractions and microbes under a wheat-maize cropping system in northern China. Geoderma, 2009,149:318-234 doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.12.010
[7]	刘莹, 黄季焜 . 农户多目标种植决策模型与目标权重的估计. 经济研究, 2010, ( 1):148-157
	Liu Y, Huang J K . A multi-objective decision model of farmers’ crop production. Econ Res, 2010, ( 1):148-157 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]	Fu D, Xiao M, Hayward A, Fu Y, Liu G, Jiang G, Zhang H . Utilization of crop heterosis: a review. Euphytica, 2014,197:161-173 doi: 10.1007/s10681-014-1103-7
[9]	Bidinger F R, Yadav O P . Biomass heterosis as the basis for grain and stover yield heterosis in arid zone pearl millet hybrids. Crop Sci, 2009,49:107-112 doi: 10.2135/cropsci2008.03.0154
[10]	Ravi S, Singh S K, Singh D K, Vennela P R, Yerva S R, Kumar D, Singh M, Rathan N D . Heterosis studies for yield and yield traits in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) under rainfed condition. Int J Agric Environ Biotechnol, 2017,10:1-10
[11]	Patil B S, Ahamed L M, Babu D R . Heterosis studies for yield and yield component characters in maize ( Zea mays L.). Int J Agric Environ Biotechnol, 2017,10:449-455
[12]	Huang M, Yang C, Ji Q, Jiang L, Tan J, Li Y . Tillering responses of rice to plant density and nitrogen rate in a subtropical environment of southern China. Field Crops Res, 2013,149:187-192 doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.029
[13]	谢小兵, 王玉梅, 黄敏, 赵春容, 陈佳娜, 曹放波, 单双吕, 周雪峰, 李志斌, 范龙, 高伟, 邹应斌 . 单本密植机插对杂交稻生长和产量的影响. 作物学报, 2016,42:924-931
	Xie X B, Wang Y M, Huang M, Zhao C R, Chen J N, Cao F B, Shan S L, Zhou X F, Li Z B, Fan L, Gao W, Zou Y B . Effect of mechanized transplanting with high hill density and single seedling per hill on growth and grain yield in hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2016,42:924-931 (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]	陈佳娜, 曹放波, 谢小兵, 单双吕, 高伟, 李志斌, 黄敏, 邹应斌 . 机插条件下低氮密植栽培对“早晚兼用”双季稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响. 作物学报, 2016,42:1176-1187 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2016.01176
	Chen J N, Cao F B, Xie X B, Shan S L, Gao W, Li Z B, Huang M, Zou Y B . Effect of low nitrogen rate combined with high plant density on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of machine- transplanted early-late season double cropping rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2016,42:1176-1187 (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2016.01176
[15]	Huang M, Chen J, Cao F, Zou Y . Increased hill density can compensate for yield loss from reduced nitrogen input in machine-transplanted double-cropped rice. Field Crops Res, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2017.06.028 doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2017.06.028
[16]	Evans L T, Fischer R A . Yield potential: its definition, measurement, and significance. Crop Sci, 1999,39:1544-1551 doi: 10.2135/cropsci1999.3961544x
[17]	Peng S, Cassman K G, Virmani S S, Sheehy J E, Khush G S . Yield potential trends of tropical rice since the release of IR8 and the challenge of increasing rice yield potential. Crop Sci, 1999,39:1552-1559 doi: 10.2135/cropsci1999.3961552x
[18]	Cheng S H, Cao L Y, Zhuang J Y, Chen S G, Zhan X D, Fan Y Y, Zhu D F, Min S K . Super hybrid rice breeding in China: Achievements and prospects. J Integr Plant Biol, 2007,49:805-810 doi: 10.1111/jipb.2007.49.issue-6
[19]	Peng S, Khush G S, Virk P, Tang Q, Zou Y . Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential. Field Crops Res, 2008,108:32-38 doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2008.04.001
[20]	Huang M, Yin X, Jiang L, Zou Y, Deng G . Raising potential yield of short-duration rice cultivars is possible by increasing harvest index. Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ, 2015,19:153-159
[21]	Huang M, Chen J, Cao F, Jiang L, Zou Y, Deng G . Improving physiological N-use efficiency by increasing harvest index in rice: a case in super-hybrid cultivar Guiliangyou 2.Arch Agron Soil Sci, 62:725-743

相关文章 15

[1]	严圣吉, 邓艾兴, 尚子吟, 唐志伟, 陈长青, 张俊, 张卫建. 我国作物生产碳排放特征及助力碳中和的减排固碳途径[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(4): 930-941.
[2]	闫彩霞, 王娟, 赵小波, 宋秀霞, 姜常松, 孙全喜, 苑翠玲, 张浩, 单世华. 全生育期鉴定筛选耐盐碱花生品种[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(3): 556-565.
[3]	吕伟生, 肖富良, 张绍文, 郑伟, 黄天宝, 肖小军, 李亚贞, 吴艳, 韩德鹏, 肖国滨, 张学昆. 种肥播施方式对红壤旱地油菜产量及肥料利用率的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2020, 46(11): 1790-1800.
[4]	向丽媛,徐凯,苏静,吴超,袁雄,郑兴飞,刁英,胡中立,李兰芝. 基于通路分析剖析水稻农艺性状配合力和杂种优势[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(9): 1319-1326.
[5]	万泽花,任佰朝,赵斌,刘鹏,张吉旺. 不同熟期夏玉米品种籽粒灌浆脱水特性和激素含量变化[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(9): 1446-1453.
[6]	赵明,周宝元,马玮,李从锋,丁在松,孙雪芳. 粮食作物生产系统定量调控理论与技术模式[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(4): 485-498.
[7]	凌霄霞,张作林,翟景秋,叶树春,黄见良. 气候变化对中国水稻生产的影响研究进展[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(3): 323-334.
[8]	吴含玉,张雅君,张旺锋,王克如,李少昆,姜闯道. 田间密植诱导抽穗期玉米叶片衰老时的光合作用机制[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(2): 248-255.
[9]	孙现军,姜奇彦,胡正,张惠媛,徐长兵,邸一桓,韩龙植,张辉. 水稻资源全生育期耐盐性鉴定筛选[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(11): 1656-1663.
[10]	黄聪,李晓方,李定国,林忠旭. 利用陆地棉MAGIC群体定位产量、生育期和株高性状的QTL[J]. 作物学报, 2018, 44(9): 1320-1333.
[11]	胡旦旦,张吉旺,刘鹏,赵斌,董树亭. 密植条件下玉米品种混播对夏玉米光合性能及产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2018, 44(6): 920-930.
[12]	王琪月, 孟淑君, 张柯, 张战辉, 汤继华, 丁冬. 玉米雌穗发育杂种优势相关miRNA的研究[J]. 作物学报, 2018, 44(6): 796-813.
[13]	董婧,逯晓萍,张坤明,薛春雷,张瑞霞. 高丹草杂种及其亲本转录组SNP及等位基因特异性表达分析[J]. 作物学报, 2018, 44(12): 1809-1817.
[14]	赵财,王巧梅,郭瑶,殷文,樊志龙,胡发龙,于爱忠,柴强. 水氮耦合对地膜玉米免耕轮作小麦干物质积累及产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2018, 44(11): 1694-1703.
[15]	万泽花,任佰朝,赵斌,刘鹏,董树亭,张吉旺. 不同熟期夏玉米品种籽粒灌浆与脱水特性及其密度效应[J]. 作物学报, 2018, 44(10): 1517-1527.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

种植制度 Cropping system	人工育苗移栽 Manual seedling transplanting				人工直播栽培 Manual direct seeding
	前茬作物 Previous crop		后茬作物 Subsequent crop		前茬作物 Previous crop		后茬作物 Subsequent crop
	播种期 Sowing date (month/day)	生育期 Growth duration (d)	播种期 Sowing date (month/day)	生育期 Growth duration (d)	播种期 Sowing date (month/day)	生育期 Growth duration (d)	播种期 Sowing date (month/day)	生育期 Growth duration (d)
早稻-晚稻 Early season rice-late season rice	3/20-3/30	110-120	6/15-6/25	110-120	4/5-4/10	100-110	7/10-7/15	≤100
中稻-再生稻 Middle season rice-ratoon rice	4/1-4/5	130-140	8/10-8/15	60-65	4/5-4/10	125-135	8/10-8/15	60-65
中稻-油菜 Middle season rice-oilseed rape	4/10-5/20	135-150	9/5-9/15	215-230	5/10-5/20	125-135	9/25-10/10	190-200
中稻-小麦 Middle season rice-wheat	4/10-5/20	135-150	—	—	5/15-5/25	120-130	9/20-10/20	≤190
春玉米-晚稻 Spring maize-late season rice	4/1-4/5	110-120	6/15-6/25	110-120	4/5-4/10	110-115	7/10-7/15	≤100
烟草-晚稻 Tobacco-late season rice	12/15-12/30	185-200	6/15-6/25	110-120	—	—	7/10-7/15	≤100

作物 Crop	人工育苗移栽 Manual seedling transplanting			人工直播栽培 Manual direct seeding
	种植密度 Planting density (×10³ hills hm^-2)	用种量 Seed rate (kg hm^-2)		种植密度 Planting density (×10³ hills hm^-2)	用种量 Seed rate (kg hm^-2)
	种植密度 Planting density (×10³ hills hm^-2)	常规种子 Inbred seed	杂交种子 Hybrid seed	种植密度 Planting density (×10³ hills hm^-2)	常规种子 Inbred seed	杂交种子 Hybrid seed
油菜 Oilseed rape	30-45	1.5-3.0	≤1.5	≥300	7.5-9.0	≤4.5
棉花 Cotton	15-45	15-30	≤15.0	67.5-180	45-60	≤30
水稻 Rice	180-360	45-60	≤22.5	450-750	60-90	30-45
玉米 Maize	45-60	—	≤15.0	120-150	—	30-45