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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1): 165-179.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.02087

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同机械化栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳水稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用的影响

付正豪(), 马中涛, 魏海燕*(), 邢志鹏*(), 刘国栋, 胡群, 张洪程   

  1. 扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室 / 农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心, 江苏扬州 225009
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-05 接受日期:2021-03-19 出版日期:2022-01-12 网络出版日期:2021-03-21
  • 通讯作者: 魏海燕,邢志鹏
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1392807710@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300503);国家自然科学基金项目(31971841);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-01-27);江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2018355);江苏省农业产业技术体系专项(JATS[2020]450);扬州大学拔尖人才计划资助

Effects of controlled release fertilizer ratio on yield formation and nitrogen absorption and utilization of late-maturing medium japonica rice under different mechanized cultivation methods

FU Zheng-Hao(), MA Zhong-Tao, WEI Hai-Yan*(), XING Zhi-Peng*(), LIU Guo-Dong, HU Qun, ZHANG Hong-Cheng   

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2020-12-05 Accepted:2021-03-19 Published:2022-01-12 Published online:2021-03-21
  • Contact: WEI Hai-Yan,XING Zhi-Peng
  • Supported by:
    FNational Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300503);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971841);China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01-27);Key Research Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2018355);earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS[2020]450);Program for Scientific Elitists of Yangzhou University

摘要:

以优质食味粳稻南粳9108为材料, 纯氮270 kg hm-2施氮条件下, 设置了钵苗机插、毯苗机插2种栽培方式, 将控释肥与速效氮肥以5∶5的比例混合, 其中控释肥由4种不同释放期(40、80、100、和120 d)肥料按照1∶4的比例混合形成了3种配比方式, 分别为40+80、40+100、40+120, 同时设置常规分次施肥(CK)为对照, 研究不同机械化栽培方式下控释肥配比对迟熟中粳水稻产量形成以及氮素积累的影响。结果表明, 相同肥料处理下, 钵苗机插2年产量较毯苗机插分别增加了3.9%和4.9%, 其原因是钵苗机插能够提高中后期的光合物质积累, 获得较大的穗型, 具有更高的每穗粒数、结实率以及千粒重。钵苗机插与毯苗机插栽培方式下, 40+80和40+100控释肥处理2年产量均高于CK, 40+100控释肥处理产量最高, 2年较CK分别显著增加7.3%和9.2%, 其原因在于40+100控释肥处理具有更高的有效穗数和群体颖花量。与40+80和40+120控释肥处理相比, 40+100控释肥处理与南粳9108的养分吸收规律更为匹配, 即保证了前期分蘖的发生, 又保证了后期稳定的光合物质生产, 获得稳定的穗数、穗粒数以及粒重, 2年的氮素回收利用率、氮素农学利用率、氮素生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力较CK分别显著增加了10.0%~12.5%、24.6%~30.5%、11.4%~18.6%和7.3%~9.1%。综上所述, 钵苗机插较毯苗机插具有明显优势, 是利于优质粳稻获得高产的栽培方式, 同时40+100控释肥配比能够较好的满足优质粳稻各个阶段的养分需求, 能够获得高产, 可作为优质粳稻高产的简化施肥方案。

关键词: 控释肥配比, 栽培方式, 水稻, 产量, 氮素利用

Abstract:

Rice cultivars of Nanjing 9108 with good taste quality was adopted as material under the pure nitrogen condition of 270 kg hm-2in this study. Rice was cultivated with two methods including mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings (MT) and mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC). Controlled-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer were mixed at a ratio of 5:5. Controlled-release fertilizer was mixed from four different release periods (40, 80, 100, and 120 days) at a ratio of 1:4 to form three mixing modes (40+80, 40+100, and 40+120). Conventional urea split fertilization (CK) was used as a control, and the effects of different controlled-release fertilizer ratios on yield formation and nitrogen accumulation of high-quality japonica rice were studied. Under the same fertilizer treatment, compared with mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC), the two-year yield of mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings (MT) was significantly increased by 3.9% and 4.9%, respectively. The reason was that the transplanting of pothole seedling machine could improve the accumulation of photosynthetic substances in the middle and late stages and obtain larger panicle type with higher grain number per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1000-grain weight. Under the cultivation mode of pothole seedling transplanting and carpet seedling transplanting, compared with CK, the two-year yield of 40+80 and 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatments were higher than CK, and the two-year yield of 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatments was the highest, which was significantly increased by 7.3% and 9.2%, respectively. The reason was that 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatment had higher effective panicle number and population glume amount. Compared with 40+80 and 40+120 controlled-release fertilizer treatments, the nutrient absorption law of 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatment was more consistent with Nanjing 9108, which not only ensured the occurrence of early tillering, but also ensured the stable production of photosynthetic substances at later stage, thus obtaining stable panicle number, grains per panicle, and 1000-grain weight. Compared with CK, the nitrogen recovery efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency, and nitrogen partial productivity of 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatments were significantly increased by 10.0%-12.5%, 24.6%-30.5%, 11.4%-18.6%, and 7.3%-9.1%, respectively. In conclusion, the mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings (MT) had obvious advantages over mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC), which was a cultivation method that was conducive to high-quality japonica rice. At the same time, the 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer ratio could better meet the nutrient requirements of good-quality japonica rice at various stages, and could obtain high yield, which could be used as a simplified fertilization scheme for high-quality japonica rice.

Key words: controlled-release fertilizer ratio, cultivation method, rice, yield, nitrogen utilization.

表1

2018-2019年水稻季温度和日照时数"

月份
Month
平均温度
Average temperature (℃)
平均最高温度
Average maximum
temperature (℃)
平均最低温度
Average minimum
temperature (℃)
日照时数
Sunshine hours
(h)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
6月Jun. 24.46 24.52 30.33 29.46 20.82 20.49 186.1 156.6
7月July 30.45 27.72 32.77 31.59 25.43 24.41 201.6 146.1
8月Aug. 28.22 27.38 32.33 31.26 25.74 24.14 205.7 200.0
9月Sep. 22.85 23.06 26.13 27.41 18.72 19.31 134.8 165.1
10月Oct. 16.42 17.52 21.22 22.86 12.11 13.30 202.2 150.6

表2

各处理氮肥类型、用量与施用时间"

处理
Treatment
基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg hm-2) 分蘖肥 TF 穗肥 SF
控释肥类型 Types of CRF 尿素
U
复合肥
CF
尿素
U
尿素
U
40 d 80 d 100 d 120 d
40+80 27 108 67.50 67.50
40+100 27 108 67.50 67.50
40+120 27 108 67.50 67.50
CK 47.25 47.25 94.5 94.5

表3

不同栽培方式和控释肥配比处理下迟熟中粳稻各生育阶段的天数"

处理
Treatment
播种至移栽
SS-TS
移栽至拔节
TS-JS
拔节至抽穗
JS-HS
抽穗至成熟
HS-MS
全生育期
Whole growth duration
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
钵苗机插 MT
40+80 30 30 40 41 30 29 56 57 156 157
40+100 30 30 40 41 30 29 56 57 156 157
40+120 30 30 40 41 30 29 56 57 156 157
CK 30 30 40 41 30 29 56 57 156 157
毯苗机插 MC
40+80 20 20 45 45 28 28 55 56 148 149
40+100 20 20 45 45 28 28 55 56 148 149
40+120 20 20 45 45 28 28 55 56 148 149
CK 20 20 45 45 28 28 55 56 148 149

表4

栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻产量构成因素的影响"

年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
单位面积穗数
Panicle number
(×104 hm-2)
每穗粒数
Spikelet per panicle
群体颖花量
Total spikelet number
(×106 hm-2)
结实率
Seed-setting rate
(%)
千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)
产量
Grain yield
(t hm-2)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 373.13 a 137.51 b 513.06 a 94.32 c 25.30 ab 10.38 b
40+100 378.48 a 139.09 b 526.45 a 95.78 a 25.45 ab 10.81 a
40+120 354.36 bc 138.61 b 491.18 b 95.37 b 25.85 ab 9.71 d
CK 347.59 cd 141.79 a 492.85 b 95.49 ab 26.18 a 10.07 c
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 355.23 b 129.55 d 460.20 cd 94.24 c 24.35 b 10.04 c
40+100 360.78 b 131.06 d 472.85 c 95.65 ab 24.48 b 10.41 b
40+120 341.67 d 130.09 d 444.45 e 94.38 c 25.10 ab 9.32 e
CK 331.34 e 134.67 c 446.20 de 94.52 c 25.23 ab 9.68 d
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 378.90 ab 138.37 c 524.29 b 94.17 b 25.50 a 10.82 b
40+100 388.08 a 141.71 b 549.96 a 95.45 a 25.70 a 11.31 a
40+120 366.00 bc 139.39 c 510.16 bc 94.26 b 25.93 a 10.11 cd
CK 353.09 cd 145.09 a 512.28 bc 95.20 a 26.25 a 10.36 bc
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 363.98 bc 128.29 f 466.92 de 93.28 c 25.15 a 10.25 c
40+100 374.00 ab 133.13 e 497.89 c 93.87 bc 25.20 a 10.74 b
40+120 351.68 cd 129.24 f 454.50 ef 93.46 bc 25.25 a 9.69 d
CK 336.25 d 135.46 d 455.46 ef 93.72 bc 25.50 a 9.92 cd
年份Y * * ** ** ns **
栽培方式CM ** ** ** ** * **
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns * ns * ns ns

表5

栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻茎蘖形成的影响"

年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
分蘖盛期
Peak seeding
(×104 hm-2)
拔节期
Jointing
(×104 hm-2)
抽穗期
Heading
(×104 hm-2)
成熟期
Maturity
(×104 hm-2)
成穗率
Percentage of productive tiller (%)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 573.95 b 516.30 bc 401.25 b 373.13 a 65.02 c
40+100 566.81 bc 506.20 c 415.45 a 378.48 a 66.78 b
40+120 529.33 d 463.45 ef 389.70 c 354.36 bc 66.95 ab
CK 510.90 e 452.50 f 375.80 d 347.59 cd 68.04 a
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 621.35 a 539.50 a 389.00 c 355.23 b 57.18 e
40+100 612.70 a 528.50 ab 401.15 b 360.78 b 58.89 d
40+120 574.97 b 485.10 d 379.30 d 341.67 d 59.43 d
CK 553.71 c 477.90 de 366.35 e 331.34 e 59.84 d
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 578.35 bc 520.25 bc 410.65 ab 378.90 ab 64.52 b
40+100 570.38 cd 510.35 c 421.65 a 388.08 a 66.36 a
40+120 532.09 e 469.35 e 399.45 bc 366.00 bc 66.60 a
CK 515.28 f 460.75 e 382.50 de 353.09 cd 67.46 a
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 632.15 a 544.65 a 402.85 bc 363.98 bc 56.20 e
40+100 623.69 a 532.75 ab 411.35 ab 374.00 ab 57.85 d
40+120 588.25 b 492.95 d 389.20 cd 351.68 cd 58.09 cd
CK 560.35 d 486.70 d 368.30 e 336.25 d 59.14 c
年份Y * * ** * **
栽培方式CM ** ** ** ** **
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns ns ns ns ns

表6

栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻叶面积指数的影响"

年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
拔节期
Jointing
抽穗期
Heading
成熟期
Maturity
叶面积衰减速率
Decreasing rate of leaf area (LAI d-1)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 4.85 d 7.34 bc 2.52 d 0.0861 a
40+100 4.70 e 7.52 a 2.89 a 0.0827 a
40+120 4.51 f 7.29 c 2.68 bc 0.0823 a
CK 4.23 g 7.08 f 2.31 e 0.0852 a
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 5.38 a 7.21 d 2.41 de 0.0873 a
40+100 5.15 b 7.38 b 2.73 b 0.0845 a
40+120 4.96 c 7.15 e 2.54 cd 0.0838 a
CK 4.73 e 6.82 g 2.17 f 0.0845 a
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 4.91 d 7.72 b 2.77 bc 0.0868 a
40+100 4.78 e 7.94 a 3.21 a 0.0830 a
40+120 4.59 f 7.61 c 2.94 b 0.0819 a
CK 4.31 g 7.28 e 2.32 ef 0.0870 a
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 5.44 a 7.32 e 2.46 de 0.0868 a
40+100 5.32 b 7.51 d 2.84 b 0.0834 a
40+120 5.12 c 7.21 f 2.62 cd 0.0820 a
CK 4.88 d 6.95 g 2.18 f 0.0852 a
年份Y ** ** ** ns
栽培方式CM ** ** ** ns
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns ns ns ns

表7

栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻光合势的影响"

年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
播种至拔节
SS-JS
拔节至抽穗
JS-HS
抽穗至成熟
HS-MS
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 169.75 b 182.84 a 276.08 b
40+100 164.50 c 183.30 a 291.48 a
40+120 157.85 e 176.97 b 279.16 b
CK 148.05 g 169.64 c 262.92 c
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 174.85 a 176.23 b 264.55 c
40+100 167.38 bc 175.42 b 278.03 b
40+120 161.20 d 169.54 c 266.48 c
CK 153.73 f 161.70 d 247.23 d
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 174.31 a 183.14 a 298.97 b
40+100 169.69 bc 184.44 a 317.78 a
40+120 162.95 d 176.90 bc 300.68 b
CK 153.01 f 168.06 de 273.60 d
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 176.80 a 178.64 ab 273.84 d
40+100 172.90 ab 179.62 ab 289.80 c
40+120 166.40 cd 172.62 cd 275.24 d
CK 158.60 e 165.62 e 255.64 e
年份Y ** * **
栽培方式CM ** ** **
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns ns ns

表8

栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻水稻各阶段干物质积累的影响"

年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
播种至拔节SS-JS 拔节至抽穗JS-HS 抽穗至成熟HS-MS
积累量Accumulation
(t hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(t hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(t hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 4.93 ab 25.95 b 6.95 bc 36.63 c 7.10 c 37.42 f
40+100 4.59 cd 23.82 d 7.23 a 37.50 a 7.45 b 38.68 d
40+120 4.39 d 23.27 e 6.66 de 35.29 f 7.83 a 41.44 a
CK 4.01 e 22.68 f 6.41 fg 36.31 d 7.24 bc 41.01 b
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 5.01 a 26.55 a 6.79 cd 36.00 e 7.06 c 37.45 f
40+100 4.73 bc 24.69 c 7.06 ab 36.87 b 7.36 b 38.44 e
40+120 4.48 d 23.92 d 6.53 ef 34.88 g 7.71 a 41.20 b
CK 4.09 e 23.38 e 6.27 g 35.86 e 7.13 c 40.76 c
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 5.05 c 25.34 ab 6.79 b 34.08 ab 8.09 f 40.58 d
40+100 4.83 d 23.23 bc 7.19 a 34.61 a 8.76 b 42.16 bc
40+120 4.73 e 22.98 bc 6.75 b 32.81 bc 9.10 a 44.21 a
CK 4.38 f 22.21 bc 6.71 b 34.03 ab 8.63 c 43.76 a
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 5.40 a 27.66 a 6.24 c 31.94 cd 7.89 g 40.40 d
40+100 5.14 b 25.23 ab 6.74 b 33.09 bc 8.49 d 41.68 cd
40+120 5.06 c 24.62 ab 6.37 c 31.00 d 9.12 a 44.38 a
CK 4.71 e 24.37 ab 6.21 c 32.13 cd 8.41 e 43.50 b
年份Y ** ns ** ** ** **
栽培方式CM ** * ** ** * **
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns ns ns * ns ns

表9

栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻氮素积累的影响"

年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
播种至拔节SS-JS 拔节至抽穗JS-HS 抽穗至成熟HS-MS
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 112.90 ab 52.20 cd 72.43 a 33.49 bc 30.94 ef 14.31 e
40+100 110.87 bc 50.45 e 74.16 a 33.75 b 34.72 bc 15.80 c
40+120 104.48 de 49.44 e 69.00 ab 32.65 cd 37.86 a 17.91 a
CK 99.85 e 48.03 f 73.00 a 35.12 a 35.01 bc 16.85 b
年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
播种至拔节SS-JS 拔节至抽穗JS-HS 抽穗至成熟HS-MS
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)
积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 117.23 a 56.00 a 62.13 cd 29.67 f 29.98 f 14.33 de
40+100 114.10 ab 53.66 b 65.93 bc 31.00 e 32.62 de 15.34 cd
40+120 107.07 cd 52.66 bc 60.08 d 29.56 f 36.16 ab 17.78 ab
CK 103.21 de 51.50 d 63.38 cd 31.63 de 33.81 cd 16.87 b
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 115.15 b 52.01 c 74.57 ab 33.68 a 31.68 e 14.31 cd
40+100 111.42 bc 49.43 d 77.16 a 34.23 a 36.86 bc 16.34 b
40+120 106.75 cd 49.29 d 70.22 bc 32.42 b 39.63 a 18.29 a
CK 103.02 d 47.92 e 74.78 ab 34.78 a 37.20 b 17.30 ab
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 122.53 a 56.60 a 63.45 de 29.30 d 30.53 e 14.10 d
40+100 120.80 a 54.56 b 66.83 cd 30.19 cd 33.78 d 15.25 c
40+120 112.68 b 53.15 c 61.57 e 29.04 d 37.76 ab 17.81 a
CK 110.10 bc 52.64 c 63.95 de 30.57 c 35.13 cd 16.79 b
年份Y ** ns * * ** ns
栽培方式CM ** ** ** ** ** *
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR * * * * ** ns

表10

栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳稻氮素利用的影响"

年份/类别
Year/type
处理
Treatment
氮素回收利用率
NRE (%)
氮素农学利用率
AE (kg kg-1)
氮素生理利用率
PNUE (kg kg-1)
氮肥偏生产力
PFP (kg kg-1)
氮素籽粒生产效率
NUEG (kg kg-1)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 40.52 ab 12.31 abc 30.38 b 38.44 b 48.00 b
40+100 41.81 a 13.90 a 33.25 a 40.04 a 49.19 a
40+120 38.69 cd 9.83 d 25.40 d 35.96 d 45.94 c
CK 37.40 de 11.16 cd 29.84 bc 37.30 c 48.45 ab
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 39.76 bc 11.90 bc 29.94 bc 37.19 c 47.96 b
40+100 40.98 ab 13.27 ab 32.39 a 38.56 b 48.95 a
40+120 37.52 de 9.23 d 24.62 d 34.52 e 45.84 c
CK 36.44 e 10.56 cd 29.00 c 35.85 d 48.31 ab
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 40.87 ab 13.23 bc 32.38 c 40.07 b 48.87 ab
40+100 42.36 a 15.05 a 35.52 a 41.89 a 50.17 a
40+120 39.09 c 10.60 e 27.13 e 37.44 cd 46.68 de
CK 38.50 cd 11.53 de 29.95 d 38.37 bc 48.19 bc
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 39.94 bc 12.25 cd 30.68 d 37.96 c 47.34 cd
40+100 41.75 a 14.07 ab 33.69 b 39.78 b 48.51 bc
40+120 38.27 cd 10.18 e 26.59 e 35.89 d 45.71 e
CK 37.22 d 11.02 de 29.63 d 36.74 cd 47.42 cd
年份Y * * ** ** ns
栽培方式CM * * ** ** **
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns ns ns ns ns

图1

栽培方式和控释肥配比对迟熟中粳食味值的影响 缩写同表3, 处理同表2。"

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