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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1): 180-192.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.03071

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

控失尿素减施及不同配比对夏玉米产量及氮肥效率的影响

张倩(), 韩本高, 张博, 盛开, 李岚涛, 王宜伦*()   

  1. 河南农业大学资源与环境学院, 河南郑州 450002
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-10 接受日期:2021-04-14 出版日期:2022-01-12 网络出版日期:2021-06-18
  • 通讯作者: 王宜伦
  • 作者简介:E-mail: zhangqian199072@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家“十三五”重点研发计划项目资助(2017YFD0301106)

Reduced application and different combined applications of loss-control urea on summer maize yield and fertilizer efficiency improvement

ZHANG Qian(), HAN Ben-Gao, ZHANG Bo, SHENG Kai, LI Lan-Tao, WANG Yi-Lun*()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
  • Received:2020-12-10 Accepted:2021-04-14 Published:2022-01-12 Published online:2021-06-18
  • Contact: WANG Yi-Lun
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0301106)

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摘要：

添加纳米矿物类控失剂的控失尿素可通过吸附作用, 减少施入土壤后的氮素损失, 明确该控失尿素施用量、与常规尿素合理配比在夏玉米上的效应, 可为夏玉米一次性施肥、氮肥减施增效提供依据。在不同产量水平(高、中、低产田)土壤上, 通过田间试验研究常规尿素(纯氮210 kg hm-2)、控失尿素常量及减施(减量10%, 即纯氮189 kg hm-2; 减量20%, 即纯氮168 kg hm-2)、控失尿素与常规尿素配施(配比分别为7∶3、5∶5和3∶7)对夏玉米产量、地上部生物量、养分积累量、光合特性及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明, 氮肥施用可显著提高夏玉米产量, 常量控失尿素施用下夏玉米增产率达22.96%~27.55%, 在高、中产田上产量较常规尿素有显著提升。与常量控失尿素相比, 控失尿素减施10%和20%通过提升穗粒数使得高、中产田夏玉米产量不降低, 控失尿素减施20%处理下高产田氮肥利用率高达41.60%。控失尿素与常规尿素7∶3配施下的氮素积累量与常量控失尿素处理无显著差异, 高产田和中产田夏玉米产量、秸秆干物重均未显著降低, 同时可显著提高低产田夏玉米产量、秸秆干物重。综上, 控失尿素(纯氮210 kg hm-2)一次性施用可显著提高夏玉米产量和氮肥利用效率, 控失尿素减量20%处理下高、中产田夏玉米产量未显著减产, 氮肥利用率显著提升, 是高、中产田适宜的氮肥用量; 控失尿素常量施用或与常规尿素7∶3配合施用更适宜低产田夏玉米生长。

关键词: 夏玉米, 控失尿素, 氮肥减施, 氮肥配比, 高产高效

Abstract:

Loss-control urea with nanometer mineral loss control agent added during production period could reduce the loss of nitrogen (N) through adsorption. Figuring out the application rate of loss-control urea and the appropriate rate with conventional urea could provide evidences for summer maize one-time fertilization, N fertilizer reduction, and use efficiency improvement. Under different yield level soil conditions, field experiment was arranged to investigate the effects of different N fertilizer managements on summer maize yield, aboveground biomass, nutrient accumulation, photosynthetic characteristic, and N utilization efficiency. Treatments of conventional urea (N at 210 kg hm-2), loss-control urea (full dose with N at 210 kg hm-2, 10% reduction with N at 189 kg hm-2, and 20% reduction with N at 168 kg hm-2), and different combined proportions of loss-control urea and conventional urea (at 7:3, 5:5, and 3:7) were carried out. The results revealed that N fertilizer application could significantly increase the yield of summer maize and the full-dose loss-control urea treatments increased the yield by 22.96%-27.55%, compared with that under conventional urea application at high- and middle-yield soil conditions. The application of loss-control urea at 10% and 20% reduction sustained the summer maize yield at high- and middle-yield soil condition with improved grains per ear, compared with full-dose loss-control urea application. The N fertilizer utilization efficiency under loss-control urea at 20% reduction treatment at high-yield soil condition reached 41.60%. N accumulation was comparable with full-dose loss-control urea application under proportions of loss-control urea and conventional urea at 7:3 application. Meanwhile, this treatment could sustain the yield and straw biomass at high- and middle-yield level soil and significantly increased the yield and straw biomass at low-yield field. In conclusion, one-time application of loss-control urea with N at 210 kg hm-2 could significantly improve the yield of summer maize and N efficiency of the fertilizer utilization. The application of loss-control urea with 20% reduction could sustain the summer maize yield with significantly improved N utilization efficiency at high- and middle-yield soil conditions, which was the suitable N fertilizer application for high- and middle-yield field. Loss-control urea and conventional urea at 7:3 application was suitable for N fertilizer application for low-yield field.

Key words: summer maize, loss-control urea, reduced nitrogen fertilizer amount, nitrogen fertilizer rate, yield and efficiency improvement

表1

供试土壤基本理化性状"

地点
Place		 产量水平
Yield level		 年份
Year		 pH 有机质
Soil organic matter (g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolysis N (mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
鹤壁Hebi 高产田High-yield 2016 7.78 19.26 102.90 36.84 181.34
修武Xiuwu 中产田Middle-yield 2016 7.41 15.42 87.67 20.43 163.82
原阳Yuanyang 低产田Low-yield 2017 7.87 14.95 79.80 35.51 93.88

表2

控失尿素减量及控失尿素与常规尿素不同配比处理"

试验处理
Treatment		 减施比例
Reduced rate		 施氮量
N amount (kg hm-2)		 肥料品种
Fertilizer		 控失尿素:常规尿素配比
Loss-control urea:Urea
CK 0
CF 210 常规尿素 Urea
CL 210 控失尿素 Loss-control urea
CL10 减施10% 10% reduction 189 控失尿素 Loss-control urea
CL20 减施20% 20% reduction 168 控失尿素 Loss-control urea
CL7:3 210 控失尿素+常规尿素Loss-control urea and urea 7:3
CL5:5 210 控失尿素+常规尿素Loss-control urea and urea 5:5
CL3:7 210 控失尿素+常规尿素Loss-control urea and urea 3:7

图1

不同产量水平下施肥处理对夏玉米产量的影响 处理同表2。不同小写字母表示处理(CK、CF、CL、CL10、CL20)间差异显著(P < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示处理(CF、CL、CL7:3、CL5:5、CL3:7)间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表3

不同产量水平下各施肥处理对夏玉米产量构成因子的影响"

处理
Treatment		 粒重(g 1000粒-1) Grain weight (g 1000-kernel-1) 穗粒数(粒) Grains per ear (kernels)
高产田
High-yield		 中产田
Middle-yield		 低产田
Low-yield		 高产田
High-yield		 中产田
Middle-yield		 低产田
Low-yield
CK 315.82±8.40 ab 297.20±1.58 ab 307.30±2.32 b 566±7 b 455±3 b 421±6 c
CF 304.23±1.48 bB 306.13±6.87 aA 307.52±12.33 bA 566±2 bA 506±15 aA 460±2 aAB
CL 328.77±4.59 aA 294.87±2.35 ab AB 332.54±3.24 aA 581±17 abA 489±17 abAB 444±3 abBC
CL10 310.59±6.07 b 298.51±5.10 ab 308.53±8.21 b 576±11 ab 512±15 a 456±7 ab
CL20 314.97±5.83 ab 288.99±4.53 b 314.99±0.83 ab 611±9 a 488±18 ab 436±14 bc
CL7:3 312.84±9.87 AB 284.39±12.53 B 330.16±10.65 A 578±31 A 486±17 AB 461±13 AB
CL5:5 302.94±1.95 B 293.68±2.08 AB 322.70±21.17 A 576±19 A 485±7 AB 479±6 A
CL3:7 307.72±7.78 B 286.90±0.77 AB 327.22±5.06 A 582±22 A 467±6 B 417±12 C

图2

不同产量水平下施肥处理对夏玉米干物重的影响 处理同表2。不同小写字母表示处理(CK、CF、CL、CL10、CL20)间差异显著(P < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示处理(CF、CL、CL7:3、CL5:5、CL3:7)间差异显著(P < 0.05)。籽粒、秸秆干物重方差分析分别在不同颜色的柱中标注, 总干物重方差分析标注在柱上方。"

图3

不同施肥处理夏玉米植株氮、磷和钾素积累量 处理同表2。不同小写字母表示处理(CK、CF、CL、CL10、CL20)间差异显著(P < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示处理(CF、CL、CL7:3、CL5:5、CL3:7)间差异显著(P < 0.05)。籽粒、秸秆干物重方差分析分别在不同颜色的柱中标注, 总干物重方差分析标注在柱上方。"

表4

不同产量水平下各施肥处理对氮肥利用效率的影响"

指标
Item		 处理
Treatment		 高产田
High-yield field		 中产田
Middle-yield field		 低产田
Low-yield field
氮肥利用率
REN (%)		 CF 20.53±3.24 bB 20.81±1.67 cC 27.72±1.98 bB
CL 30.95±0.99 abA 34.10±2.40 aA 39.69±1.24 aA
CL10 30.11±4.34 b 28.79±1.71 b 38.13±1.85 a
CL20 41.60±3.85 a 18.09±1.59 c 37.83±3.53 a
CL7:3 26.09±0.99 AB 33.56±2.60 A 41.82±0.89 A
CL5:5 25.20±2.50 AB 25.79±0.79 B 38.36±3.06 A
CL3:7 23.72±1.49 B 22.17±0.89 BC 32.63±2.13 B
氮肥农学效率
AEN (kg kg-1)		 CF 5.46±3.10 aA 5.78±1.36 aAB 5.35±0.89 aA
CL 8.64±2.39 a A 7.76±0.37 aA 7.77±0.69 aA
CL10 6.50±1.80 a 7.79±0.31 a 7.45±1.70 a
CL20 8.81±2.38 a 4.91±1.15 a 7.02±2.81 a
CL7:3 6.39±2.43 A 5.01±2.05 AB 7.93±0.08 A
CL5:5 5.58±1.39 A 3.51±1.01 B 7.76±3.23 A
CL3:7 5.05±1.12 A 3.33±1.24 B 7.01±2.65 A
氮肥偏生产力
PEPN (kg kg-1)		 CF 42.36±1.75 cB 38.80±0.28 dB 34.26±1.18 dB
CL 47.82±1.38 bA 44.58±1.10 cA 39.61±0.31 cA
CL10 56.66±1.00 a 51.74±0.72 b 46.69±2.03 b
CL20 60.26±0.52 a 57.26±0.38 a 51.20±1.12 a
CL7:3 48.75±2.05 A 43.81±1.79 A 42.19±1.24 A
CL5:5 47.94±0.39 A 42.31±1.25 AB 42.00±2.12 A
CL3:7 47.40±2.05 AB 42.13±0.96 AB 41.27±1.58 A

图4

不同施肥处理对高产田夏玉米叶片硝酸还原酶活性的影响 处理同表2。不同小写字母表示处理(CK、CF、CL、CL10、CL20)间差异显著(P < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示处理(CF、CL、CL7:3、CL5:5、CL3:7)间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图5

不同施肥处理对高产田夏玉米叶片SPAD值的影响 处理同表2。TS: 大喇叭口期; SS: 吐丝期; FS: 灌浆期。不同小写字母表示处理(CK、CF、CL、CL10、CL20)间差异显著(P < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示处理(CF、CL、CL7:3、CL5:5、CL3:7)间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表5

控失尿素减施及不同配比对高产田夏玉米光合特性的影响"

指标
Item		 处理
Treatment		 生育时期 Growth stage
大喇叭口期
Trumpeting stage		 吐丝期
Silking stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage
光合速率
Photosynthetic rate
(μmol m-2 s-1)		 CK 29.67±1.12 a 25.54±0.49 a 22.48±0.72 c
CF 30.60±1.68 aA 25.26±0.22 aC 25.75±0.82 abC
CL 29.57±1.43 aAB 25.43±1.16 aC 26.36±0.65 aBC
CL10 29.55±0.89 a 25.77±0.40 a 25.59±0.29 ab
CL20 29.42±0.40 a 24.78±0.28 a 23.87±0.83 bc
CL7:3 26.73±0.89 B 23.36±0.38 C 28.57±0.65 AB
CL5:5 30.11±0.76 A 28.98±0.76 B 29.61±0.87 A
CL3:7 30.33±1.01 A 31.85±0.47 A 25.24±0.96 C
气孔导度
Stomata conductance
(mmol mol-1)		 CK 0.19±0.02 b 0.19±0.00 ab 0.14±0.02 a
CF 0.23±0.02 abA 0.17±0.02 bC 0.17±0.01 aA
CL 0.27±0.01 a A 0.20±0.01 abC 0.17±0.00 aA
CL10 0.20±0.02 b 0.20±0.01 ab 0.19±0.01 a
CL20 0.19±0.01 b 0.21±0.00 a 0.17±0.03 a
CL7:3 0.27±0.01 A 0.16±0.02 C 0.17±0.04 A
CL5:5 0.24±0.02 A 0.27±0.02 B 0.18±0.04 A
CL3:7 0.25±0.02 A 0.32±0.01 A 0.18±0.01 A
胞间CO2浓度
Intercellular CO2
concentration
(μmol mol-1)		 CK 123.66±9.59 a 94.01±2.39 b 54.59±1.67 d
CF 138.05±7.65 aA 104.26±6.87 bC 69.87±3.86 cD
CL 131.89±5.30 aAB 132.03±7.34 bAB 100.56±3.49 aBC
CL10 124.31±4.66 a 137.82±4.72 a 85.22±1.45 b
CL20 96.69±5.21 b 95.82±5.50 a 62.51±2.23 cd
CL7:3 115.77±5.90 B 144.33±3.18 A 118.72±2.57 A
CL5:5 130.19±4.92 AB 136.17±3.94 AB 110.45±4.77 AB
CL3:7 128.37±2.81 AB 121.24±0.34 BC 95.21±6.62 C
蒸腾速率
Transpiration rate
(mmol m-2 s-1)		 CK 3.97±0.26 a 3.27±0.11 b 4.79±0.23 b
CF 4.25±0.18 aA 3.50±0.27 abC 5.92±0.18 abBC
CL 3.69±0.29 aA 3.76±0.18 abBC 6.28±0.12 aB
CL10 4.10±0.41 a 4.02±0.22 a 5.50±0.80 ab
CL20 3.81±0.13 a 3.65±0.10 ab 4.76±0.07 b
CL7:3 3.74±0.48 A 3.08±0.27 C 6.72±0.11 A
CL5:5 4.28±0.23 A 4.42±0.08 AB 5.41±0.09 D
CL3:7 4.35±0.22 A 4.89±0.39 A 5.70±0.14 CD
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