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氮肥减施协同绿肥过腹还田可降低青海高原小麦农田温室气体排放

李晓龙1,严清彪2,李正鹏2,殷文1,樊志龙1,胡发龙1,*,韩梅2,*   

  1. 1 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070; 2 青海大学农林科学院, 青海西宁 810016
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04 修回日期:2025-10-30 接受日期:2025-10-30 网络出版日期:2025-11-05
  • 通讯作者: 胡发龙, E-mail: hufl@gsau.edu.cn; 韩梅, E-mail: hanmei20061234@sina.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1700204), 财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-22-G-12)和甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才培育项目(Gaufx-05Y09)资助。

Combing nitrogen fertilizer reduction with green manure returning via livestock digestion decreased greenhouse gas emissions in wheat fields at the Qinghai Plateau

Li Xiao-Long1,Yan Qing-Biao2,Li Zheng-Peng2,Yin Wen1,Fan Zhi-Long1,Hu Fa-Long1,*,Han Mei2,*,Chai Qiang1   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; 2 College of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai, China
  • Received:2025-06-04 Revised:2025-10-30 Accepted:2025-10-30 Published online:2025-11-05
  • Contact: 胡发龙, E-mail: hufl@gsau.edu.cn; 韩梅, E-mail: hanmei20061234@sina.com
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program (2021YFD1700204), the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-22-G-12), and the Fuxi Youth Talent Cultivation Project of Gansu Agricultural University (Gaufx-05Y09).

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摘要： 针对青海高原及高寒地区小麦生产氮肥施用量高、温室气体排放量大等问题，探究绿肥不同还田方式及小麦季不同施氮量对小麦农田温室气体排放和产量的影响，为该区小麦可持续生产提供理论依据和技术支撑。试验于2023—2024年在青海大学农林科学院试验站进行，采用裂区试验设计，主区为小麦季3个施氮水平：常规施氮(225 kg hm-2，N2)、减施氮肥30% (158 kg hm-2，N1)和不施氮(0 kg hm-2，N0)；裂区基于上一年度绿肥设置3种还田方式：地上部移除仅根茬还田(RR)、地上部过腹联合根茬还田(SDRR)、地上部及根茬全量还田(RROS)。结果表明，减氮30%结合绿肥过腹+根茬还田(N1SDRR)处理显著降低温室气体排放：CO2排放总量较减氮30%全量还田(N1RROS)降低4.2%；N2O排放总量、CH4吸收总量较N1RROS降低19.1%、提升15.8%；全球增温潜势(GWP)较N1RROS降低5.0%。N1SDRR处理小麦籽粒产量较N1RROS提高4.1%，温室气体排放强度(GHGI)较N1RROS降低14.6%，实现减排稳产。此外，N1SDRR处理土壤有机质、铵态氮含量较N1RROS提升9.1%、22.8%，土壤硝态氮含量较N1RROS降低10.0%；土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性较N1RROS分别提高3.2%、7.8%，但土壤亚硝酸还原酶、硝酸还原酶活性分别降低11.9%、5.7%，表明该模式通过提升土壤有机质、调控铵/硝态氮平衡同步降低温室气体排放并维持生产力。随机森林模型进一步表明，土壤蔗糖酶、籽粒产量及土壤有机质是调控温室气体排放强度的关键因子，优化施氮与绿肥还田方式会对土壤碳、氮含量产生影响，可显著降低单位产量碳排放。因此，氮肥减施30%结合绿肥地上部过腹联合根茬还田可改善土壤理化因子和酶活性，有效降低温室气体排放，稳定小麦籽粒产量，是青海高原及高寒地区小麦农田稳产减排的适宜管理措施。

关键词: 氮肥减施, 绿肥还田, 温室气体, 产量, 土壤因子

Abstract:

To address challenges in wheat production in high-altitude and cold regions—such as excessive nitrogen fertilizer use and substantial greenhouse gas emissions—this study investigated the effects of different green manure return methods and nitrogen application rates during the wheat growing season on greenhouse gas emissions and crop yield, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for sustainable wheat cultivation in these regions. Field experiments were conducted from 2023 to 2024 at the College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, using a split-plot design. The main plots included three nitrogen application levels: conventional nitrogen application (225 kg hm-2, N2), a 30% reduction in nitrogen application (158 kg hm-2, N1), and no nitrogen application (0 kg hm-2, N0). Based on the previous year’s green manure, three return methods were tested: root stubble return after removal of the upper plant (RR), combined return of root stubble and processed upper plant (SDRR), and full return of above-ground parts and roots (RROS). Results showed that reducing nitrogen by 30% combined with green manure incorporation and stubble return (N1SDRR) significantly mitigated greenhouse gas emissions. Total CO2 emissions decreased by 4.2% compared to full nitrogen reduction with full manure return (N1RROS), while total N2O emissions decreased by 19.1%, and net CH4 uptake increased by 15.8%. The global warming potential (GWP) was reduced by 5.0% compared to N1RROS. The N1SDRR treatment also increased wheat grain yield by 4.1% and reduced the greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) by 14.6%, effectively balancing emission reduction with yield stability. Additionally, soil organic matter and ammonium nitrogen content increased by 9.1% and 22.8%, respectively, while nitrate nitrogen decreased by 10.0% compared to N1RROS. Soil sucrase and urease activities increased by 3.2% and 7.8%, respectively, whereas nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase activities decreased by 11.9% and 5.7%. This model demonstrates the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining productivity through the enhancement of soil organic matter and regulation of ammonium/nitrate nitrogen balance. A random forest model further identified soil sucrase activity, grain yield, and soil organic matter as key factors influencing greenhouse gas emission intensity per unit yield. Adjusting nitrogen fertilization rates and green manure return methods significantly reduced carbon emissions per unit yield by affecting soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Therefore, reducing nitrogen fertilizer by 30% in combination with above-ground green manure incorporation and stubble return can improve soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity, effectively lower greenhouse gas emissions, and stabilize wheat grain yield. This represents a promising management strategy for achieving both yield stability and emission reduction in wheat farmland on the Qinghai Plateau and other alpine regions.

Key words: reduced application of nitrogen fertilizer, green manure returning to the field, greenhouse gases, yield, soil factors

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