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长江中下游两类型糯稻高产群体动态特征及超高产形成规律

郭保卫1，王旺1，王开1，王岩1，曾鑫1，景秀1，王晶1，倪新华2，许轲1，张洪程1,*   

  1. 1 扬州大学江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室 / 江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心 / 扬州大学水稻产业工程技术研究院, 江苏扬州 225009; 2 江苏省扬中市油坊镇农业农村局, 江苏扬中 212200
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20 修回日期:2025-06-01 接受日期:2025-06-01 网络出版日期:2025-06-12
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2022338)，镇江市“金山英才计划”产业强市领军人才引进计划项目(2021)和江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD)资助。

Population dynamic characteristics and formation mechanisms of super high-yielding of two types of glutinous rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

GUO Bao-Wei1,WANG Wang1,WANG Kai1,WANG Yan1,ZENG Xin1,JING Xiu1,WANG Jing1,NI Xin-Hua2,XU Ke1,ZHANG Hong-Cheng1,*   

  1. 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops / Rice Industry Engineering Technology Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; 2 Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Youfang Town, Yangzhong County, Jiangsu Province, Yangzhong 212200, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2025-01-20 Revised:2025-06-01 Accepted:2025-06-01 Published online:2025-06-12
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province (BE2022338), the Leading Talent Introduction Program of Zhenjiang City’s Jinshan Talent Plan for Strong Industries (2021), and the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions’ Advantage Discipline Construction Project (PAPD). 

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摘要： 探究糯稻超高产群体特征及形成规律，为糯稻超高产栽培提供理论指导。本研究以常规粳型糯稻扬粳糯2号和籼粳杂交糯稻沭优糯82、沭优糯85为试验材料，研究分析不同糯稻高产(HY)、更高产(HRY)、超高产(SHY) 3种群体光合物质生产与转运、群体结构、抗倒伏特性与产量等特征，阐明糯稻超高产群体特征及形成规律。结果表明，(1) 与HY、HRY群体相比，糯稻SHY群体的群体颖花量极显著高于HY与HRY群体，千粒重和结实率与HY、HRY群体无显著差异。糯稻SHY群体具有大穗型特征，总颖花量高(常规粳型糯稻43,000×104hm?2以上、籼粳杂交糯稻60,000×104hm?2以上)，并保持稳定的千粒重和结实率。(2) 有效临界叶龄期至拔节期糯稻不同产量等级群体的叶面积指数和光合势、群体净同化率基本无显著差异，抽穗期至成熟期各时期的叶面积指数、各光合势和群体净同化率，均表现为SHY群体>HRY群体>HY群体，而叶面积衰减率呈相反趋势，且三群体间同时期的各指标均差异极显著；(3) 有效临界叶龄期和拔节期各群体的干物质积累量无显著差异，抽穗期至成熟期SHY群体的干物质积累量均显著或极显著高于HRY与HY群体；有效临界叶龄期至拔节期及蜡熟期至成熟期，各产量等级的干物质积累速率均无显著差异；拔节期至乳熟期两阶段，SHY群体的干物质积累速率均极显著高于HRY与HY群体，而乳熟期至蜡熟期阶段，常规粳型糯稻的干物质积累速率各群体间无显著差异，籼粳杂交糯稻SHY群体的干物质积累速率显著高于HRY与HY群体。(4) 随着产量等级的提高，上三叶叶长变大，叶开角、叶基角、披垂度变小，株高增大，株型更加挺拔，基部第一、第二、第三节间略微增长增粗，显著增厚，抗折力显著增强，除常规粳型糯稻第三节间外，倒伏指数显著降低，抗倒伏能力增强。(5) 糯稻群体产量与抽穗期叶面积指数、抽穗期和成熟期干物质重、净积累量均呈极显著正相关，与成熟期叶面积指数呈显著正相关。糯稻超高产群体拥有较大穗型的安全库容量(常规粳型糯稻颖花量≥43,000×104hm?2、籼粳杂交糯稻颖花量≥60,000×104hm?2)，为超高产群体提供库容基础；强大的穗后光合势、光合生产能力显著提高糯稻超高群体后期光合物质生产量；抽穗期后挺拔的株型与粗壮的茎秆形成较高的粒叶比，有利于增加干物质的高效积累与转运，以保障糯稻超高产群体安全稳定的充实。

关键词: 糯稻, 超高产, 不同产量群体, 产量构成, 群体特征

Abstract:

To investigate the characteristics and formation patterns of super high-yielding (SHY) populations in glutinous rice and to provide theoretical guidance for high-yield cultivation, we used three glutinous rice cultivars as experimental materials: the conventional japonica variety Yangjingnuo 2 and the indica–japonica hybrid varieties Shuyounuo 82 and Shuyounuo 85. We analyzed the photosynthetic production and translocation of assimilates, population structure, lodging resistance, and yield performance across high-yielding (HY), higher-yielding (HRY), and super high-yielding (SHY) glutinous rice populations to clarify their characteristics and formation mechanisms. The results showed as follows: (1) Compared with HY and HRY populations, the SHY population had a significantly higher total spikelet number, while 1000-grain weight and seed setting rate were slightly lower, but not significantly different. SHY populations were characterized by large panicles and high total spikelet numbers (exceeding 43,000×104 hm?2 in conventional japonica and 60,000×104 hm?2 in hybrid types), while maintaining stable 1000-grain weight and seed setting rate. (2) From the effective critical leaf age to the jointing stage, there were no significant differences in leaf area index (LAI) or photosynthetic potential among yield types. However, from heading to maturity, both LAI and photosynthetic potential followed the order SHY > HRY > HY, while leaf area decay rate showed the opposite trend. Differences among the three yield types were highly significant during this period. (3) No significant differences in dry matter accumulation were observed from the critical leaf age to the booting stage. However, from heading to maturity, SHY populations accumulated significantly more dry matter than HRY and HY. During the booting to milky stage, SHY also showed a significantly higher dry matter accumulation rate. From the milky to waxy stage, the accumulation rate did not differ significantly in the conventional japonica type, but in the hybrid indica–japonica type, SHY populations still exhibited a significantly higher rate than HRY and HY. (4) With increasing yield grade, the top three leaves became longer, with smaller opening and base angles and reduced drooping; plant height increased, and the plant architecture became more upright. The first, second, and third basal internodes increased significantly in length, thickness, and width, contributing to enhanced stem strength and lodging resistance. Except for the third internode in conventional glutinous rice, the lodging index significantly decreased with higher yield grades. (5) In both glutinous rice types, population yield was significantly correlated with LAI at heading, dry matter weight at heading and maturity, and net dry matter accumulation. A strong positive correlation was also found between yield and LAI at maturity. SHY populations possessed a large and stable sink capacity (panicle size), a strong photosynthetic source capacity after panicle initiation, and an upright plant type with high stem strength and lodging resistance. These traits contribute to increased late-stage photosynthate production and dry matter accumulation, supporting a favorable grain-to-leaf ratio for safe and stable grain filling.

Key words: glutinous rice, super-high yield, different yield groups, yield and its components, group characteristics

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