秸秆还田耦合氮肥运筹对稻茬油菜光合性能及产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.55015

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 稻油两熟是长江流域冬油菜生产的主要种植制度，明确秸秆还田下油菜氮肥运筹方案对油菜丰产增效和绿色发展具有重要意义。基于连续4年的稻-油两熟定位试验，系统研究秸秆全量还田耦合不同氮肥运筹方式对高密度直播油菜产量、生物量及光合特性的影响。试验采用裂区设计，主区为秸秆利用方式(R0：不还田；R1：全量还田)；副区为氮肥运筹，设置240 kg hm2的常规施氮量(CK：基肥:苗肥:薹肥:花肥=6:4:0:0)和减氮20% (N1：基肥∶苗肥∶薹肥∶花肥=10∶0∶0∶0；N2：基肥∶苗肥∶薹肥∶花肥=6∶4∶0∶0；N3：基肥∶苗肥∶薹肥∶花肥= 6∶2∶2∶0；N4: 基肥∶苗肥∶薹肥∶花肥= 6∶2∶0∶2)处理，共5个水平。结果表明，R1使油菜显著增产6.7%，主要归因于单株角果数和单株产量的显著增加；R0处理下氮肥减施使油菜减产2.1%~23.4%，N3处理减产幅度最小，N3产量与CK比无显著差异，主要归因于氮肥合理运筹显著增加了成株率和单株产量。相比R0，苗期R1使地上部干物质显著降低26.9%，主要原因为秸秆腐解与幼苗争氮；成熟期则显著增加10.3%。在苗期和薹期，减氮20%光合器官面积显著低于CK；而在花期，N3处理下的光合器官面积与CK相当，显著高于其他氮肥运筹方式，支撑群体获得最大截光率和光能利用率，特别是在R1条件下。在花期，R1使叶片Rubisco酶活性显著增加3.5%~20.9%，光合速率增加；蔗糖合成酶(SS-I，分解方向)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性提高，光合产物蔗糖转化率增加，促进碳水化合物的积累和转运，为成熟期产量增加奠定基础。而合理的氮肥运筹措施可以进一步增加产量。在N3处理下，油菜花期叶片Rubisco活性提高5.8%~12.4%，且SS-I和SPS酶活性同步提高；另外，净光合速率和群体光能利用率的增加促进了花期干物质积累，从而进一步提高产量。因此，在长江流域水稻秸秆全量还田油菜高密种植下，以全生育期施氮192 kg hm2 (基肥:苗肥:薹肥=6:2:2)为推荐施肥方案，可实现增产减氮增效协同目标。

关键词: 油菜, 秸秆还田, 氮肥运筹, 产量, 光合作用

Abstract:

Rice–rapeseed rotation is the predominant cropping system for winter rapeseed production in the Yangtze River Basin. Optimizing nitrogen (N) management under straw incorporation is critical for enhancing rapeseed yield, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and supporting sustainable agricultural development. This study was based on a four-year field experiment within a rice–rapeseed rotation system, evaluating the impact of straw incorporation combined with different nitrogen management strategies. The objective was to assess their effects on yield, biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic performance in high-density, direct-seeded rapeseed. A split-plot design was employed, with straw management as the main factor (R0: no straw return; R1: full straw return) and nitrogen fertilization strategy as the sub-factor. Five nitrogen treatments were applied: a conventional rate of 240 kg N hm^?2 (CK, basal∶ seedling∶ bolting∶ flowering = 6∶4∶0∶0) and a 20% nitrogen reduction (192 kg N hm^?2) under four application regimes (N1: 10∶0∶0∶0; N2: 6∶4∶0∶0; N3: 6∶2∶2∶0; N4: 6∶2∶0∶2). Full straw return (R1) significantly increased rapeseed yield by 6.7%, primarily due to higher silique number and seed yield per plant. Under R0, nitrogen reduction led to yield losses ranging from 2.1% to 23.4%, with the N3 treatment showing the smallest decline. Yields under N3 were statistically comparable to CK, attributed to improved plant survival and seed yield per plant from optimized N allocation. Although R1 reduced aboveground dry matter by 26.9% at the seedling stage—likely due to nitrogen competition between decomposing straw and young plants—biomass accumulation increased by 10.3% at maturity. At the seedling and bolting stages, the 20% N reduction significantly decreased leaf area compared to CK. However, during flowering, the N3 treatment maintained a leaf area similar to CK, and significantly higher than other reduced-N treatments, resulting in enhanced light interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE), particularly under R1. At flowering, R1 significantly increased Rubisco activity by 3.5%–20.9%, enhancing photosynthetic capacity. The activities of sucrose synthase (SS-I, in the degradation direction) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) were also elevated, promoting sucrose conversion, carbohydrate accumulation, and translocation, thereby contributing to final yield formation. Under N3, Rubisco activity increased by 5.8%–12.4%, accompanied by increased SS-I and SPS activities. These physiological improvements led to higher net photosynthetic rates and RUE during flowering, supporting greater dry matter accumulation and yield. For high-density rapeseed cultivation with full straw incorporation in the Yangtze River Basin, the optimal nitrogen strategy is 192 kg N hm^?2 applied as 6∶2∶2 (basal∶ seedling∶ bolting). This fertilization regime effectively balances yield maximization with nitrogen reduction, achieving both high productivity and sustainable nitrogen management.

Key words: rapeseed, straw incorporation, nitrogen management, yield, photosynthesis

樊友众, 王先领, 王宗铠, 王春云, 王天尧, 谢捷, 蒯婕, 汪波, 王晶, 徐正华, 赵杰, 周广生. 秸秆还田耦合氮肥运筹对稻茬油菜光合性能及产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 0, (): 0-.

FAN You-Zhong, WANG Xian-Ling, WANG Zong-Kai, WANG Chun-Yun, WANG Tian-Yao, XIE Jie, KUAI Jie, WANG Bo, WANG Jing, XU Zheng-Hua, ZHAO Jie, ZHOU Guang-Sheng. Effects of straw incorporation combined with nitrogen management on photosynthetic efficiency and yield of rapeseed following rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 0, (): 0-.

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