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免耕轮作对减氮小麦产量下降的补偿效果

武斌，曹永刚，胡发龙，殷文，樊志龙，范虹，柴强*   

  1. 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州730070
  • 收稿日期:2024-11-12 修回日期:2025-01-23 接受日期:2025-01-23 网络出版日期:2025-02-08
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20218)和甘肃省科技重大专项(24ZDNA008)资助。

Compensation effect of no-tillage rotation on yield reduction of nitrogen-reduced wheat

WU Bin,CAO Yong-Gang,HU Fa-Long,YIN Wen,FAN Zhi-Long,FAN Hong,CHAI Qiang*   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2024-11-12 Revised:2025-01-23 Accepted:2025-01-23 Published online:2025-02-08
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21A20218) and Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Major Project (24ZDNA008).

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摘要：

针对河西绿洲灌区小麦生产连作普遍、氮肥施用量大等问题，开展轮作结合免耕对减量施氮小麦产量的影响研究，以期为优化小麦栽培管理提供依据。2022—2023年，通过裂区试验，重点研究前茬玉米及其处理方式(免耕留茬、翻耕)对减量施氮小麦干物质累积特性、产量及其构成要素的影响，试验主区为免耕轮作小麦(NTRW)、翻耕轮作小麦(CTRW)、翻耕连作小麦(CTCW) 3种种植方式，裂区设小麦225 kg hm-2 (常规，N1)和180 kg hm-2 (减氮20%，N2) 2个施氮水平。结果表明，轮作较连作可提高小麦籽粒产量及生物产量，且轮作能有效补偿氮肥减施引起的产量下降负效应，与免耕结合能进一步强化补偿效应。与CTCW相比，NTRW、CTRW籽粒产量分别提高31.7%、17.3%，生物产量分别提高15.3%、10.3%；氮肥减施20%后籽粒产量及生物产量分别降低6.2%、3.7%。但CTRWN2较CTCWN1生物产量提高4.6%，籽粒产量差异不显著，且NTRWN2较CTCWN1籽粒产量和生物产量分别提高21.9%、11.6%。与CTCW相比，NTRW、CTRW孕穗期-成熟期的CGR分别提高22.4%、13.6%，全生育期Vmean分别提高15.0%、10.2%；氮肥减施20%后CGR及Vmean分别降低3.8%、3.6%。但CTRWN2较CTCWN1的CGR和Vmean分别提高6.3%、4.5%，且NTRWN2较CTCWN1的CGR和Vmean分别提高19.3%、11.6%。与CTCW相比，NTRW、CTRW穗粒数分别提高12.0%、4.7%，收获指数分别提高14.4%、6.5%，穗数分别提高5.0%、8.0%；氮肥减施20%后穗粒数、收获指数、穗数分别降低2.5%、2.9%、2.3%。但CTRWN2较CTCWN1的穗数提高4.3%，穗粒数、收获指数差异不显著，且NTRWN2较CTCWN1穗粒数、收获指数分别提高10.3%、9.3%，穗数差异不显著。因此，在河西绿洲灌区，免耕轮作小麦结合180 kg hm-2施氮量是该区适宜推广利用的小麦节氮增产有效措施。

关键词: 氮肥减施, 免耕, 轮作, 补偿, 产量

Abstract:

To address the challenges of continuous wheat cropping and excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer in the Hexi Oasis irrigation area, this study evaluated the effects of crop rotation combined with no-tillage on the yield and biomass of wheat under reduced nitrogen application. The goal was to provide a basis for optimizing wheat cultivation management. From 2022 to 2023, a split-plot experiment was conducted with three planting systems as the main plots: no-till rotational wheat (NTRW), tilled rotational wheat (CTRW), and tilled continuous wheat (CTCW). Two nitrogen application rates were assigned as subplots: 225 kg hm-2 (convention, N1) and 180 kg hm-2 (20% reduction, N2). The study focused on the effects of the preceding maize crop and treatments (no-tillage stubble, plowing) on dry matter accumulation, yield, and yield components of wheat under reduced nitrogen conditions. The results showed that crop rotation significantly increased grain yield and biomass compared to continuous cropping, and rotation effectively compensated for the yield reduction caused by nitrogen reduction. This compensatory effect was further enhanced when combined with no-tillage. Specifically, compared to CTCW, grain yield and biomass increased by 31.7% and 15.3% under NTRW and by 17.3% and 10.3% under CTRW, respectively. A 20% reduction in nitrogen application resulted in decreases in grain yield and biomass by 6.2% and 3.7%, respectively. However, the biomass of CTRWN2 was 4.6% higher than that of CTCWN1, with no significant difference in grain yield. Moreover, NTRWN2 achieved 21.9% and 11.6% higher grain yield and biomass, respectively, compared to CTCWN1. Compared to CTCW, the CGR of NTRW and CTRW during the booting to maturity stages increased by 22.4% and 13.6%, while Vmean across the entire growth period increased by 15.0% and 10.2%, respectively. A 20% nitrogen reduction caused CGR and Vmean to decrease by 3.8% and 3.6%, respectively. However, CTRWN2 exhibited 6.3% and 4.5% higher CGR and Vmean compared to CTCWN1, while NTRWN2 showed 19.3% and 11.6% higher CGR and Vmean, respectively, than CTCWN1. Compared to CTCW, kernel number per spike increased by 12.0% under NTRW and by 4.7% under CTRW, harvest index increased by 14.4% and 6.5%, and spike number increased by 5.0% and 8.0%, respectively. A 20% reduction in nitrogen resulted in decreases of 2.5%, 2.9%, and 2.3% in kernel number per spike, harvest index, and spike number, respectively. However, CTRWN2 exhibited a 4.3% higher spike number than CTCWN1, with no significant differences in kernel number per spike or harvest index. NTRWN2 achieved 10.3% and 9.3% higher kernel number per spike and harvest index, respectively, compared to CTCWN1, with no significant difference in spike number. In conclusion, no-tillage rotational wheat combined with a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg ha-1 is an effective, nitrogen-saving strategy for enhancing wheat yield in the Hexi Oasis irrigation area. This approach is suitable for widespread adoption and utilization in the region.

Key words: nitrogen fertilizer reduction, no-tillage, rotation, compensation, yield

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