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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (4): 1005-1021.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41065

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

绿肥还田结合减量施氮对绿洲灌区麦田N2O排放和小麦产量的影响

张冬玲(), 于爱忠(), 吕汉强, 杨学慧, 王玉珑, 王鹏飞, 尚永盼, 尹波, 刘亚龙, 王凤   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2024-10-09 接受日期:2025-01-23 出版日期:2025-04-12 网络出版日期:2025-02-07
  • 通讯作者: 于爱忠, E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: zhangdling024@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1900200);国家自然科学基金项目(32160524);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-22-G-12);甘肃农业大学伏羲杰出人才培育计划项目(GAUfx-04J01);甘肃省自然科学基金项目(22JR5RA867)

Effects of green manure incorporation and nitrogen reduction on N2O emissions and wheat yield in oasis irrigated areas

ZHANG Dong-Ling(), YU Ai-Zhong(), LYU Han-Qiang, YANG Xue-Hui, WANG Yu-Long, WANG Peng-Fei, SHANG Yong-Pan, YIN Bo, LIU Ya-Long, WANG Feng   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2024-10-09 Accepted:2025-01-23 Published:2025-04-12 Published online:2025-02-07
  • Contact: E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1900200);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160524);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22-G-12);Fuxi Outstanding Talent Cultivation Program of Gansu Agricultural University(GAUfx-04J01);Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(22JR5RA867)

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摘要：

针对西北绿洲灌区长期施用化学氮肥造成农田氮损失、土壤肥力下降等问题, 研究不同绿肥还田和施氮水平对作物产量和土壤N2O排放的影响及机制具有重要意义。本研究基于甘肃河西走廊石羊河流域布设的田间试验, 于2019—2021年在春小麦收获后复种毛叶苕子, 毛叶苕子开花期设置7500 kg hm-2 (G1)、15,000 kg hm-2 (G2)、22,500 kg hm-2 (G3)和30,000 kg hm-2 (G4) 4个还田量。翌年春小麦播前设置2个施氮水平, 分别为减氮15% (N153)和减氮30% (N126), 以无绿肥传统施氮(G0N180)作为对照。 结果表明,与G0N180相比, 绿肥还田结合减量施氮显著提高了小麦籽粒产量, 降低了麦田N2O排放量和排放强度, 其中以G4N153处理产量最高, 达9135.33~9250.42 kg hm-2。同一还田量下, 减氮30%较减氮15%处理显著降低了N2O排放量; 同一施氮水平下, G3、G4较G1、G2显著降低N2O排放量。研究还发现, N2O排放的消减主要发生在小麦拔节期以前, 这主要归因于绿肥还田结合减量施氮处理显著降低了小麦播种期及苗期的土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量和硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶活性。回归分析表明, 小麦播种期及苗期的土壤速效氮含量和酶活性与N2O排放量呈显著正相关(P < 0.01)。在减氮15%水平下, G4较G1、G2、G3提高了小麦开花期和成熟期土壤速效氮含量, 保障了小麦生育后期氮素吸收。综上所述, 在河西绿洲灌区, 绿肥还田结合减量施氮可显著提高小麦产量、降低土壤N2O排放量和排放强度, 其中绿肥还田量30,000 kg hm-2结合减量施氮15%效果最佳。

关键词: 绿肥还田量, 施氮量, N2O排放, 土壤速效氮, 土壤酶活性

Abstract:

In the oasis irrigated regions of Northwest China, long-term use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers has resulted in significant problems, such as gaseous nitrogen losses and a decline in soil fertility. It is essential to study the effects of varying green manure incorporation rates and nitrogen application levels on crop yield and soil N2O emissions. From 2019 to 2021, a field experiment was conducted in the Shiyang River Basin of the Hexi Corridor. After the harvest of spring wheat, hairy vetch was replanted, with four green manure incorporation levels established during its flowering stage: 7500 kg hm-2 (G1), 15,000 kg hm-2 (G2), 22,500 kg hm-2 (G3), and 30,000 kg hm-2 (G4). In the following year, prior to spring wheat sowing, two nitrogen reduction levels were implemented: a 15% reduction (N153) and a 30% reduction (N126), with a traditional nitrogen application without green manure (G0N180) as the control. The results showed that, compared to G0N180, the combination of green manure incorporation and nitrogen reduction significantly increased wheat grain yield while reducing N2O emissions and emission intensity. The yield of G4N153 treatment was the highest, ranging from 9135.33 to 9250.42 kg hm-2. Within the same level of green manure incorporation, a 30% nitrogen reduction significantly lowered N2O emissions compared to a 15% reduction. Similarly, for the same nitrogen level, G3 and G4 significantly reduced N2O emissions compared to G1 and G2. The study also found, the reduction in N2O emissions primarily occurred before the wheat jointing stage, which was attributed to a notable decrease in soil nitrate and ammonium content as well as the activities of nitrate and nitrite reductases during the wheat sowing and seedling stages under treatments combining green manure with nitrogen reduction treatments. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between soil available nitrogen content, enzyme activities during the wheat sowing and seedling stages, and N2O emissions (P < 0.01). Under a 15% nitrogen reduction, G4 increased soil available nitrogen content during the wheat's flowering and maturity stages compared to G1, G2, and G3, ensuring nitrogen uptake during the later stages of wheat growth. Overall, in the Hexi oasis irrigated region, the combination of green manure incorporation and reduced nitrogen application significantly enhanced wheat yield while reducing soil N2O emissions and emission intensity. Incorporating 30,000 kg hm-2 of green manure with a 15% reduction in nitrogen application provided the best results.

Key words: green manure incorporation, nitrogen application, N2O emission, soil available nitrogen, soil enzyme activity

表1

试验站0~30 cm土壤剖面土壤性质及肥力状况"

土壤深度
Soil depth
(cm)		 容重
Bulk density
(g cm-3)		 pH 粉粒
Silt (%)		 沙粒
Sand (%)		 黏粒
Clay (%)		 土壤有机质
Soil organic matte
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 有效磷
Olsen-P
(mg kg-1)
0-10 1.42 8.25 65.4 28.6 5.2 11.21 0.91 32.94
10-20 1.49 8.27 70.2 23.1 4.3 12.39 0.94 35.19
20-30 1.51 8.25 79.3 15.4 3.5 11.52 0.93 33.81

图1

2019-2021年3至10月武威试验站日均温及日降水量"

表2

不同处理下绿肥还田量及施氮量"

处理代码
Treatment code		 处理设计
Treatment design		 绿肥还田量
Green manure
incorporation amount
(kg hm-2)		 施氮量
Nitrogen application
(kg hm-2)		 减量施氮比例
Nitrogen
reduction rate (%)
G0N180 无绿肥传统施氮
Traditional nitrogen application without green manure		 0 180 0
G1N153 绿肥还田量7500 kg hm-2结合减量施氮15%
Green manure incorporation 7500 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 15%		 7500 153 15
G2N153 绿肥还田量15,000 kg hm-2结合减量施氮15%
Green manure incorporation 15,000 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 15%		 15,000 153 15
G3N153 绿肥还田量22,500 kg hm-2结合减量施氮15%
Green manure incorporation 22 500 hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 15%		 22,500 153 15
G4N153 绿肥还田量30,000 kg hm-2结合减量施氮15%
Green manure incorporation 30,000 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 15%		 30,000 153 15
G1N126 绿肥还田量7500 kg hm-2结合减量施氮30%
Green manure incorporation 7500 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 30%		 7500 126 30
G2N126 绿肥还田量15,000 kg hm-2结合减量施氮30%
Green manure incorporation 15,000 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 30%		 15,000 126 30
G3N126 绿肥还田量22,500 kg hm-2结合减量施氮30%
Green manure incorporation 22,500 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 30%		 22,500 126 30
G4N126 绿肥还田量30,000 kg hm-2结合减量施氮30%
Green manure incorporation 30,000 kg hm-2 combined with nitrogen reduction by 30%		 30,000 126 30

图2

2019-2021年不同处理对小麦产量的影响 处理同表2。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。***: P < 0.001。"

图3

2019-2021年不同处理土壤N2O排放通量 处理同表2。Sowing stage: 播种期; Seedling stage: 苗期; Jointing stage: 拔节孕穗期; Flowering stage: 开花期; Maturity stage: 成熟期。黑色箭头表示施肥时间, 蓝色箭头表示灌溉时间。框中小图为基肥施入后连续7 d测定的N2O排放通量。"

表3

小麦不同生育时期土壤N2O累积排放量"

年份Year 施氮
Nitrogen application
(N)		 绿肥还田量
Green manure
incorporation amount
(G)		 N2O累积排放量Cumulative N2O emissions (kg hm-2)
播种期
Sowing stage		 苗期
Seedling stage		 拔节孕穗期
Jointing stage		 开花期
Flowering stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
2019 N180 G0 0.17751 a 0.28495 a 0.06482 a 0.01378 a 0.02269 a
N153 G1 0.17664 b 0.24977 c 0.05265 b 0.01107 b 0.01825 b
G2 0.17559 c 0.25664 b 0.05265 b 0.01103 b 0.01829 b
G3 0.17146 e 0.24305 d 0.05130 c 0.01004 c 0.01712 c
G4 0.17148 e 0.24021 e 0.05075 d 0.01047 d 0.01715 c
N126 G1 0.17408 d 0.25668 b 0.05076 d 0.00985 e 0.01658 d
G2 0.17152 e 0.24020 e 0.04843 e 0.00986 e 0.01653 d
G3 0.16792 f 0.23486 f 0.04759 f 0.00933 f 0.01590 e
G4 0.16792 f 0.23498 f 0.04758 f 0.00933 f 0.01590 e
2020 N180 G0 0.17717 a 0.28423 a 0.06544 a 0.01388 a 0.02223 a
N153 G1 0.17574 b 0.24995 c 0.05582 b 0.01124 c 0.01815 c
G2 0.17570 b 0.25697 b 0.05412 c 0.01152 b 0.01863 b
G3 0.17157 e 0.24435 d 0.05414 c 0.01088 de 0.01765 e
G4 0.17267 d 0.24438 d 0.05149 e 0.01153 b 0.01869 b
N126 G1 0.17418 c 0.25706 b 0.05259 d 0.01121 c 0.01807 c
G2 0.17157 e 0.24027 e 0.05147 e 0.01092 d 0.01788 d
G3 0.16800 f 0.23511 f 0.04924 f 0.01086 e 0.01770 e
G4 0.16799 f 0.23523 f 0.04914 f 0.01090 de 0.01767 e
2021 N180 G0 0.17584 b 0.28567 a 0.06421 a 0.01368 a 0.02316 a
N153 G1 0.17655 a 0.24959 c 0.05255 b 0.01090 b 0.01821 b
G2 0.17578 b 0.25625 b 0.05161 b 0.01066 bc 0.01794 b
G3 0.17064 e 0.24285 d 0.04846 c 0.00970 cd 0.01689 bc
G4 0.17068 e 0.23518 f 0.04862 c 0.00941 d 0.01601 cd
N126 G1 0.17398 c 0.25630 b 0.04693 d 0.00856 de 0.01510 de
G2 0.17146 d 0.24012 e 0.04639 de 0.00859 de 0.01478 de
G3 0.16787 f 0.23493 f 0.04550 e 0.00780 e 0.01410 e
G4 0.16789 f 0.23517 f 0.04714 d 0.00877 de 0.01517 de
P值 P-value
施氮Nitrogen application (N) *** *** *** *** *
绿肥还田量
Green manure incorporation (G)		 *** * ** ns ns
施氮 × 绿肥还田量N × G *** ** ** ns ns

图4

2019-2021年不同处理对小麦全生育期土壤N2O累积排放量的影响 处理同表2。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.01。"

图5

2019-2021年不同处理对小麦全生育期土壤N2O排放强度的影响 处理同表2。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.01; ns: 无显著差异。"

图6

2019-2021年小麦不同时期0~40 cm土壤剖面硝态氮、铵态氮含量 处理同表2。缩写同图3。Nitrate nitrogen content: 硝态氮含量; Ammonium nitrogen content: 铵态氮含量。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; ns: 无显著差异。"

图7

2019-2021年小麦不同时期0~40 cm土壤剖面硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶活性 处理同表2。缩写同图3。Nitrate reductase activity: 硝酸还原酶活性; Nitrite reductase activity: 亚硝酸还原酶活性。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; ns: 无显著差异。"

图8

小麦不同生育时期土壤硝、铵态氮含量和酶活性与N2O累积排放量的回归分析 缩写同图3、图6和图7。Whole growth period : 全生育期。深红色区域: 95%的置信带; 浅红色区域: 95%的预测带。"

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