秸秆还田和施磷量对旱地小麦籽粒淀粉及其合成相关酶活性的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51027

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确秸秆还田和施磷量对旱地小麦籽粒淀粉品质和相关酶合成的影响，以洛旱22为材料，采用裂区试验，主区为玉米秸秆还田处理，分别为秸秆不还田(S0)、秸秆全量还田(S1)，副区为施磷量，设5个水平分别为0 kg hm^-²(P0)、75.0 kg hm^-²(P1)、112.5 kg hm^-²(P2)、150.0 kg hm^-²(P3)、187.5 kg hm^-²(P4)，研究了秸秆还田和施磷量对小麦籽粒产量、淀粉及其相关酶活性的影响。结果表明，秸秆还田和增施磷肥均能提高小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量，相同秸秆还田处理下均随施磷量的提高呈先升后降趋势，且除千粒重外均表现为P3最高。2个年度，小麦产量在S1P3处理下较S1P0分别提高了35.70%与49.32%；小麦籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉的含量随生育时期推进均呈持续升高趋势，随施磷量的提高均呈先升后降趋势，总体上在P3水平达到最大。在同一施磷水平下，小麦籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量均表现为S1大于S0处理。2021—2022年度秸秆还田和施磷的互作效应对支/直淀粉比例在花后5~20 d有显著或极显著的影响；2022—2023年二者的互作仅对花后5 d支/直淀粉比例有显著影响。2年度，随生育时期的推进，各处理籽粒蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶、束缚性淀粉合成酶活性均表现为先增后降趋势，而籽粒磷酸蔗糖合成酶呈持续降低趋势。无论秸秆还田与否，腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶与束缚性淀粉合成酶活性随施磷水平的升高表现为先增后降趋势，总体在P3处理最高。综上，秸秆还田配施磷150 kg hm^-²(S1P3)是本试验条件下小麦最适种植方式。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 施磷量, 旱地小麦, 籽粒淀粉, 酶活性

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of straw incorporation and phosphorus application rates on starch quality and the synthesis of related enzymes in dryland wheat grains, a split-plot field experiment was conducted using the cultivar Luohan 22. The main plot factor was straw incorporation, with two treatments: no straw return (S0) and full straw incorporation (S1). The sub-plot factor was phosphorus application, with five levels: 0 kg·hm^-² (P0), 75.0 kg·hm^-² (P1), 112.5 kg·hm^-2 (P2), 150.0 kg·hm^-² (P3), and 187.5 kg·hm^-² (P4). The effects of these treatments on wheat yield, starch composition, and the activity of starch-synthesizing enzymes were examined. Results showed that both straw incorporation and increasing phosphorus application enhanced the number of ears, grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, and overall yield. Under the same straw treatment, these yield components generally increased with phosphorus application up to P3, followed by a decline; the highest values (except for 1000-grain weight) were observed at P3. Over the two growing seasons, yield under the S1P3 treatment increased by 35.70% and 49.32% compared with S1P0. The contents of amylose, amylopectin, and total starch in wheat grains increased progressively during grain development and followed a similar rise-then-decline trend with increasing phosphorus, peaking at P3. For any given phosphorus level, the starch content was higher under S1 than S0. In 2021–2022, the interaction between straw incorporation and phosphorus application significantly or highly significantly affected the amylopectin/amylose ratio from 5 to 20 days after anthesis, while in 2022–2023, this interaction was only significant 5 days after anthesis. Throughout both years, the activities of sucrose synthase (SS), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), soluble starch synthase (SSS), and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) in grains followed a pattern of increasing and then decreasing with grain development, whereas sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity declined continuously. Regardless of straw treatment, AGPase and GBSS activities showed a similar rise-then-decline pattern with phosphorus level, peaking at P3. In conclusion, the combination of straw incorporation and phosphorus fertilization at 150.0 kg·hm?2 (S1P3) was the most effective management strategy for improving starch quality and yield in dryland wheat under the conditions of this study.

Key words: straw returning, phosphorus application rate, wheat in dryland, grain starch, enzyme activities

杨颖聪, 张俊豪, 唐一哲, 乔唱唱, 王鹏博, 黄明, 徐国伟, 王贺正. 秸秆还田和施磷量对旱地小麦籽粒淀粉及其合成相关酶活性的影响[J]. 作物学报, 0, (): 0-.

YANG Ying-Cong, ZHANG Jun-Hao, TANG Yi-Zhe, QIAO Chang-Chang, WANG Peng-Bo, HUANG Ming, XU Guo-Wei, WANG He-Zheng. Effects of straw returning and phosphorus application rates on grain starch and the activities of starch synthesis-related enzymes in dryland wheat[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 0, (): 0-.

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