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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (12): 3118-3128.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.32045

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

稻油轮作下秸秆还田对土壤养分和作物产量的影响

车品高1(), 陈国徽1,*(), 曹国军1, 高冰可1, 陈艳芳1, 熊文1, 应治宏1, 周庆友2   

  1. 1九江市农业科学院, 江西九江 332000
    2瑞昌市农业农村局, 江西瑞昌 332200
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-26 接受日期:2024-08-15 出版日期:2024-12-12 网络出版日期:2024-09-02
  • 通讯作者: *陈国徽, E-mail: diyfuture@foxmail.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 352526772@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    江西省现代农业产业技术体系项目(JXARS-02);九江市市级乡村振兴现代农业发展专项资金项目“水稻‘三增两减’示范项目” (九财文指[2022] 31号)资助

Effects of straw return on soil nutrients and crop yield in rice-rapeseed rotation

CHE Pin-Gao1(), CHEN Guo-Hui1,*(), CAO Guo-Jun1, GAO Bing-Ke1, CHEN Yan-Fang1, XIONG Wen1, YING Zhi-Hong1, ZHOU Qing-You2   

  1. 1Jiujiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi, China
    2Ruichang Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ruichang 332200, Jiangxi, China
  • Received:2023-10-26 Accepted:2024-08-15 Published:2024-12-12 Published online:2024-09-02
  • Contact: *E-mail: diyfuture@foxmail.com
  • Supported by:
    Jiangxi Province Modern Agriculture Industry Technology System(JXARS-02);Jiujiang Municipal Rural Revitalization Modern Agricultural Development Special Fund Project Rice “Three Increases and Two Reductions” Demonstration Project

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摘要：

为明确长江中下游稻油轮作区不同秸秆还田方式对土壤养分和作物产量的影响。试验于2016—2023年在江西省九江市的典型稻油轮作区进行了为期7年的秸秆还田定位试验, 设置稻油2季秸秆均不还田(CK)、仅油菜季水稻秸杆还田(T1)、仅水稻季油菜秸秆还田(T2)及稻油两季秸秆均还田(T3) 4个处理, 分别测定了2022年水稻季及2022—2023年油菜季各作物关键生育期地上部和地下部干物质含量、成熟期作物产量和土壤养分含量。结果表明,与不还田相比, 秸秆还田显著增加土壤pH、有机质及N、P、K等养分含量。以T3处理较为突出, 其在水稻季和油菜季分别显著提高土壤pH值9.7%和12.9%、碱解氮32.9%和25.5%、有效磷33.5%和24.3%、速效钾56.3%和58.6%、全氮22.9%和33.0%、有机质26.6%和50.8% (P < 0.05)。水稻干物质积累随生育期延长呈先增后降趋势, T2处理对干物质积累起到显著促进作用, 而T3处理对水稻生育前期干物质积累产生一定抑制。与不还田相比, 秸秆还田提高了水稻籽粒产量, 以T2增幅最大, 为13.9% (P < 0.05)。油菜干物质积累随生育期延长持续增加, 以T2处理对油菜干物质积累促进最显著。与不还田相比, T2处理油菜籽粒产量增幅最大, 为20.0% (P < 0.05)。相关分析表明, 速效钾与水稻结实率呈极显著正相关(r = 0.84**, P < 0.01), 全氮和速效钾分别与油菜单株分枝角果数(r = 0.705*, r = 0.623*, P < 0.05)、油菜籽粒产量(r = 0.623*, r = 0.690*, P < 0.05)呈显著正相关, 表明秸秆还田提高了土壤全氮和速效钾含量可能是导致作物产量提高的主要原因。综合土壤养分、干物质积累及作物产量, 水稻季油菜秸秆还田表现最佳, 可在长江中下游区域进行推广与应用。

关键词: 油稻轮作, 秸秆还田, 土壤养分, 干物质积累, 产量

Abstract:

A seven-year field study from 2016 to 2023 was conducted on typical paddy soil in Jiujing city, Jiangxi province, to evaluate the effects of different straw returning methods on soil nutrients and crop yield in a rice-rapeseed rotation system in the middle-lowerYangtze Plain of China. The study included four treatments: no straw returning (CK), rice straw returning during the rapeseed season (T1), rapeseed straw returning during the rice season (T2), and straw returning during both the rape and rice seasons (T3). Measurements of shoot and root dry matter, crop yield, and soil nutrient content were taken at key growth stages during the 2022 rice season and the 2022-2023 rape season. The results indicated that, compared with CK, straw returning significantly increased soil pH and the contents of organic matter, and N, P, K, and other nutrients. The T3 treatment was particularly effective, significantly increasing soil pH by 9.7% and 12.9%, alkali-nitrogen by 32.9% and 25.5%, available phosphorus by 33.5% and 24.3%, available potassium by 56.3% and 58.6%, total nitrogen by 22.9% and 33.0%, and organic matter by 26.6% and 50.8% (P < 0.05) in the rice and rape seasons, respectively. Dry matter accumulation in rice initially increased and then decreased as the growth period extended. The T2 treatment significantly promoted dry matter accumulation, whereas the T3 treatment inhibited it during the early stages of rice growth. Compared with straw removal, straw returning increased rice grain yield, with the largest increase of 13.9% observed in the T2 treatment (P < 0.05). In rapeseed, dry matter accumulation continued to increase with the growth period, and the T2 treatment most significantly promoted this accumulation. Compared with CK, the T2 treatment resulted in the largest increase in rapeseed grain yield, by 20.0% (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that available potassium was significantly positively correlated with the rice seed setting rate (r = 0.84**, P < 0.01). Total nitrogen and available potassium were significantly positively correlated with the number of pods per plant (r = 0.705*, r = 0.623*, P < 0.05) and rape yield (r = 0.623*, r = 0.690*, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the major reason for the yield increase may be the elevated content of soil total nitrogen and available potassium due to straw returning. Considering soil nutrients, dry matter accumulation, and crop yield, rape straw returning during the rice season (T2) performed best and could be recommended for promotion and application in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Key words: oil rice rotation, returning straw to the field, soil nutrients, dry matter accumulation, yield

图1

2022-2023年试验区平均气温与降水量月变化"

图2

不同秸秆还田条件下作物干物质积累 CK: 稻油2季秸秆均不还田; T1: 仅油菜季水稻秸杆还田; T2: 仅水稻季油菜秸秆还田; T3: 稻油两季秸秆均还田。"

表1

不同处理水稻产量及构成因子"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 有效穗数
Effective panicle
(hm−2)		 穗粒数
Grains per ear		 穗实粒数
Grain number per spike		 结实率
Seed-setting rate
(%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 产量
Yield
(kg·hm−2)		 收获指数
Harvest index
2021 CK 107.8±1.90 b 258.3±12.68 ab 194.6±2.35 b 158.4±1.84 b 81.39±1.88 a 21.27±0.90 a 6962.00±159.19 b 0.54±0.01 a
T1 110.5±1.90 ab 233.0±11.85 c 190.9±3.62 b 142.2±1.79 c 74.46±1.46 c 21.47±0.19 a 7198.40±154.45 ab 0.52±0.01 ab
T2 113.4±2.26 a 274.1±9.21 a 207.3±2.08 a 164.6±1.79 a 79.38±0.10 ab 21.59±0.06 a 7923.80±61.47 a 0.49±0.01 c
T3 107.9±1.36 b 251.3±5.12 bc 203.8±2.26 a 157.8±2.08 b 77.39±1.84 b 21.73±0.06 a 7214.75±143.82 ab 0.51±0.02 bc
2022 CK 108.9±1.62 b 233.9±8.21 b 187.0±2.21 b 144.0±2.54 b 76.97±1.40 c 20.98±0.37 a 6686.55±80.71 c 0.54±0.01 a
T1 109.9±2.89 ab 226.1±4.20 b 187.3±1.56 b 154.6±2.18 a 82.53±0.53 a 20.78±0.41 a 6918.00±102.05 b 0.52±0.01 b
T2 112.9±1.94 a 285.2±13.53 a 192.6±1.58 a 153.8±3.87 a 79.87±1.37 b 20.81±0.29 a 7617.90±37.53 a 0.50±0.01 b
T3 106.1±1.15 b 220.8±4.65 b 181.9±2.70 c 147.3±2.48 b 80.98±0.90 ab 21.02±0.44 a 6829.35±80.68 bc 0.54±0.01 a

表2

不同处理油菜产量及构成因子"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 分枝高度
Branch height
(cm)		 一级有效分枝数
Number of primary effective		 单株主角果数
Number of main pods per plant		 单株分枝角果数
Number of branch pods per plant		 每角粒数
Seed number per pod		 产量
Yield
(kg hm−2)		 收获指数
Harvest index
2022 CK 153.7±2.21 a 52.00±1.15 b 6.84±0.27 a 58.84±3.10 b 125.76±8.10 c 26.92±2.74 a 1853.32±29.23 c 0.28±0.01 a
T1 148.8±1.47 b 56.52±2.87 ab 6.83±0.18 a 64.05±4.05 ab 178.47±4.98 a 27.55±1.92 a 1964.22±57.71 b 0.27±0.01 a
T2 153.4±2.90 a 53.87±3.39 b 6.70±0.15 a 68.29±1.11 a 175.60±7.17 a 27.71±1.06 a 2304.75±41.48 a 0.24±0.01 b
T3 142.6±2.71 c 60.63±3.44 a 6.21±0.32 b 62.81±2.31 b 147.83±6.17 b 26.26±2.21 a 2035.68±79.74 b 0.25±0.01 b
2023 CK 147.3±4.05 b 65.89±3.42 a 5.89±0.32 b 57.44±3.02 ab 113.19±10.48 c 28.89±2.53 a 1777.78±83.85 c 0.29±0.00 a
T1 149.9±3.02 b 65.78±2.80 a 6.25±0.38 b 54.33±3.18 b 165.11±6.85 a 29.20±1.33 a 1855.56±47.67 bc 0.28±0.01 b
T2 156.2±4.33 a 63.22±3.29 ab 6.89±0.16 a 61.89±4.68 a 171.22±12.51 a 29.67±1.76 a 2133.30±33.30 a 0.27±0.01 c
T3 149.2±3.97 b 59.44±3.56 b 5.94±0.31 b 55.56±1.50 b 140.78±7.03 b 30.00±0.88 a 1938.92±38.48 b 0.28±0.01 b

表3

不同秸秆还田处理对土壤理养分的影响"

种植季
Cultivation
season		 处理
Treatment		 pH 有效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkali N
(mg kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)
水稻季
Rice
season		 CK 5.78±0.06 b 15.71±0.60 c 57.22±1.34 d 98.29±1.22 b 1.09±0.08 b 16.82±0.55 b
T1 5.95±0.17 ab 17.98±0.77 b 85.30±1.38 b 107.72±4.80 b 1.30±0.08 ab 18.68±0.81 ab
T2 6.30±0.04 a 19.76±0.69 a 79.64±0.63 c 108.59±8.45 b 1.22±0.06 ab 18.68±1.61 ab
T3 6.34±0.28 a 20.97±0.36 a 89.46±1.01 a 130.65±3.98 a 1.34±0.11 a 21.30±2.16 a
油菜季
Rape
season		 CK 5.19±0.04 b 16.92±0.29 c 56.39±1.25 c 95.82±1.92 b 1.03±0.08 b 15.19±0.23 c
T1 5.26±0.01 b 18.81±0.03 ab 74.48±2.92 b 104.98±7.50 ab 1.27±0.06 a 19.69±0.42 b
T2 5.46±0.11 b 18.56±0.73 b 84.84±3.83 a 97.98±6.30 b 1.33±0.05 a 19.34±0.92 b
T3 5.86±0.18 a 21.04±1.51 a 89.46±1.01 a 120.23±6.22 a 1.37±0.08 a 22.90±0.79 a

图3

作物土壤养分与作物产量及构成因子间相关性 图a中数字1~13分别代表水稻季土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、水稻株高、有效穗、穗粒数、穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重和籽粒产量; 图b中数字1~13分别代表油菜季土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、油菜株高、分枝高度、一级有效分枝数、单株主角果数、单株分枝角果数、每角粒数和籽粒产量。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01概率水平(双侧)显著相关。"

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